Practical Experience And These Approaches Business Essay

practicable Experience And These Approaches Business EssayDifference amongst analytical/Planned and rising getes. We explore the differences among the views of analytic and sudden strategy. Critics ch bothenged the traditional analytical- surface impossibility of forecasting, introduces emergent draw close. Strategic planning no more(prenominal) form a ritual where future is assumed to remain more-or-less similar (Grant, 2003). uninflected/planned tone-beginningPlanned strategy requires clearly articulated mickle and associated plans, presence of formal controls to impose them, in a stable only sure/controllable surround (Mintzberg and Waters, 1985). We tummy argue the three characteristics of a planned approach as a) precise mission of the firm, articulated to its round in an unambiguous manner, e.g. become the market-leader in the cloud-computing domain in conterminous 5years, b) existence of a sh ard organisational intention among the faculty at all level, e .g. meet the CMMi ML-5 or Six-sigma quality standards in all deliverables, c) these collective-intentions must be realized irrespective of any environmental out-of-door forces, e.g. Tata-group places quality above all other aspects, often at the expense of profit. In planned strategy, leaders, devices a plan, articulates it precisely and strives for its follow upation in a surprise-free environment out-of-door-factors are non considered for any distortion of this plan. It is non-responsive to external-factors e.g. newer technology, flip-flop in customer-choice, organisation policy change etc. Though this could be applicable to Army, but surely not in modern business-environment. Does an organisation could suck a totally predictable/controllable business-environment? No, referring to Shell oil-spill in Bonga oilfield, BP Deepwater-horizon oilspill in Gulf of Mexico, the financial turbulence in US during 2010 affecting business both financial and IT domain. Referring to the re cent incidents of Boeing-Dreamliner 787-series aircrafts which has been grounded worldwide, hapless after its all everywheremuch hyped-release, due to major technical problems. Concluding, firms normally get to almost none or little control over the environment where it operates and hence purely analytical approach is not advisable.Emergent approachVision could provide a holistic view of firms direction, with room for adaptation, i.e. the eventual(prenominal) vision could emerge during the journey itself Mintzberg and Waters (ibid). In an emergent approach feedback is welcome on past actions, opportunities and threat and thus firms vision prat be re- positive considering all these factors en-route. Flexibility to external factors and adaptation to turn the threats into opportunities are pivotal in emergent approach. We lav consider this as an bottom-up approach, a necessary component of the strategic planning process, as it ensures that info from all parts of the organizat ion is included in the decision-making process (Plant, 2006). We can refer to matrix project based organisation structure (Brooks, 2009) in this context where information flows freely and decision is run inton considering all inputs. Transformational leadership can nurture such an environment from where strategies could emerge, e.g. leadership captaincy in a football or cricket match- with the common vision win the match leader convey to formulate strategy based on the ground- pip which is totally unpredictable and disobedient e.g. an injury of a key-player, rain, wind.Differences IdentifiedFormal plans, precise intention, centralised leadership in a controllable and predictable environment where as emergent is adaptable to new threats/opportunities, shared beliefs, collected vision and reactent to external inputs. We can refer to Gumps success in life in the flick For counterbalance Gump as emergent style. For a hash out approach become roaring the business environment, mus t be perfectly predictable and/or infra the full control of the firm Mintzberg and Waters (ibid). Analytical/planned assumes a controllable/predictive environment which is almost impossible to have in recent high-tech, turbulent, boundary-less business environment. In an emergent approach the actions need to be consistent over time Mintzberg and Waters (ibid). But these are both extremities practical(a) approach should be in between these. The presence of feedback (Roger, 1996) and the free burning strategy-formulation via learning is both key aspects in my view of emergent approach over deliberate one. Often emergent approach is perceived by many that management is out of control instead it establishes a feedback loop, a matrix structure which is open, flexible and a responsive learning organisation. This maturity to react to external factors makes emergent approach the advantage. But too much emergent can bring trouble on the other hand.Practical experience and these appro achesI was working with a MNC-Bank in Benelux region, local political relation has mandated them to implement stringent security-measures to enhance its risk-exposure after the credit-crisis in 2010. Our vision was at very high-level and the threats/opportunities were unknown, as we progress down the program we take input from our environments e.g. government regulatory bodies, Banks rung, industry best-practices and formulate the path to implement the vision during the journey. Had we chose an analytical approach it would have failed as we did not have any hint on the external factors what measures we need to implement, what are the external security threats, what are the significant Bank assets that needed security etc and arbitrariness of ground emplacement. We were challenged by both external factor like government regulation, cyber attack and inner(a) factors legacy of the departments, preparedness of the Bank staff, apprehension over possible lay-off etc . planned approa ch perceived by the staff as imposed as on that point is less chance for feedback and re-formulate the strategy but only strong bond certificate to that planned tasks, in our environment the MNC Bank, our customer that wont work, we needed to motivate the staff and persuade them assuring that these measures wont affect them in any way. formerly this sensemaking was done, their feedback was taken, workshops arranged to brainstorm on the challenges and we collectively turned those threats into opportunity and our course of instruction was endeared by staff and once we had a motivated workforce rest was easier. It was also for us a learning experience as the concept of emergent approach opens the possibility of strategy formation by learning process, Mintzberg and Waters (ibid). Such a learning behavior is especially key when an environment is too unstable/complex to comprehend, or too arduous to predict- as was the case with the Bank, stakeholders were four vendors, mandating g overnment-organisation, six internal-departments spread across two countries and competing with each other. Emerging approach, we took helped us to enhance our understanding of the situation over-time and to respond to an evolving reality, Mintzberg and Waters (ibid)..Analysis of BenefitsPragmatic strategy-development need to combine both deliberate, and emergent approaches, Mintzberg and Waters (ibid) at first leadership need to establish a vision to direct its staff and a path to realize the same, at the same time it is highly important that strategy responds to the external factors during the journey. We can conclude that the emphasis may change from time-to-time based on situation demand but both are needed to succeed. It depends on the situation and business-domain too. An umbrella-approach, devised based on the ground-situation, which is partially deliberate and partly emergent, is the ideal to follow.Analytical/planned approachIn a manufacturing unit e.g. steel, car, aircraft or in Banking/Insurance domain the planned/analytical approach would be made as they operate in Bureaucratic structure (Brooks, 2009) where Standard in operation(p) Procedures are followed religiously with little scope of innovation. So are the government firms, hospitals to some extent and sports organisation. Once planned people unquestionable follow the instructions and stringent control implemented to realize the pre-defined path. Monopoly business former Nokia, Blackberry over mobile market, IBM and its mainframe, Microsoft and its windows could be a good place for successful deliberate approach implementation because the firms have to some extent control over their environment market and they are not challenged aggressively by external factors e.g. Nokia until HTC, Samsung swamp the mobile market. In Army/Police departments could follow deliberate planned strategy but during the actual war-field they need to utilize the feedback loop and change evasive action based on ground-situation.Emergent approachEmergent approach, which is being developed over time in collaboration with and accommodating the changing reality, it is a front-line approach, tends to solve actual issuesIn the modern volatile, fast-moving, boundary-less market, firms need to be more agile to obtain the competitive-edge over competitors, this makes emergent approach more pragmatic and beneficial in a slow-growth market too. We can view emergent strategy as a set of actions, or behavior, consistent over time Mintzberg and Waters (ibid). in the traditional deliberate approach idea was generated by individual or a few leaders at the top-most rank whereas in emergent it emerges en-route, collective ideas surely would be better than a single-one. Front-line staff and middle-managers who can spot a threat early being close to production-line/customer and swiftly react on that to turn it to an opportunity this enables the firm to withstand the threat- this is paramount in emergent app roach (Moore, 2011).

Theoretical Views of Intelligence

Theoretical Views of intuitionComp ar and Contrast both Theoretical Views of Intelligence Gardner Multiple Intelligence Theory and Sternberg Successful Intelligence Theory The two theoretical views of countersign that be going to be focused on in this assignment are the Howard Gardners aggregate learning information theory and Robert J. Sternbergs successful acquaintance theory.Gardners multiple intelligences theory suggested different systems in the brain produce different types of intellectual capacities to approach problems and create products. He identified eight competencies and two tentative competencies, but allows that more may be discovered. These include linguistic, musical, limpid-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist, spiritual and existential intelligences (Gardner, 1993). Linguistic intelligence involves vocal aptitude which sensitive to written and spoken languages, the cap office to learn languages, and the abil ity to use language to reach certain goals. Logical-mathematical intelligence consists of the abstract reasoning skill to analyze problems logically, carry out mathematical operations, and investigate issues scientifically. tuneful intelligence involves skill in the performance, composing, appreciation of musical patterns and playing instrument. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is the potential of using ones whole carcass or parts of the body to assoil problems, control fine and gross motor. Spatial intelligence recognises and uses the patterns of big space, visualize objects, and find ones orientation. Interpersonal intelligence consists of the expertness to understand the intentions, motivations and desires of another(prenominal) people. It allows people to work effectively with others. Intrapersonal intelligence is the ability to understand sustain thoughts and feelings, fears and motivations, consequences and thus make effective changes. Sternberg successful theory of int elligence are defined as in a given sociocultural context, psychical abilities are used to reach ones goals in life through adaptation, pick and shaping of the environment (Sternberg Kaufman, 1998, p. 494). The three broad distinct areas associated with successful intelligence are analytical, creative, and practical thinking. Analytical intelligence is the mental steps to solve problems, creative intelligence is the mental processes that lead to solutions, ideas, artistic forms, theories, products that are eccentric and novel (Reber Reber, 2001) and practical intelligence is the ability to size up in the altogether situation and adapt to real-life demands.Within the above theories, logical mathematical intelligence and analytical intelligence depart be compared and contrasted. Firstly, definition of both theories will be compared. Then, both theories supported that the logical mathematic and analytical ability are educable, and lastly, Logical mathematical intelligence is the ability to reason, to calculate, to recognise patterns and to handle logical thinking (Gardner, 1993). In Howard Gardners words, it includes the ability to detect patterns, reason deductively and think logically and it is often related with scientific and mathematical thinking. Analytical intelligence is the capacity to analyze and evaluate ideas, compare and contrast, solve problems and make decisions (Sternberg, 1998)Like a number of scholars, Gardner and Sternberg view intelligence as educable, result of biological finish up environmental factors, which includes peoples environments (Ceci, Nightungale, Baker, 1992). Another is ones motivation (Collier, 1994 Sternberg Wagner, 1994) and training (Feuerstein, 1980).ReferencesGardner, Howard (1983 1993) Frames of Mind The theory of multiple intelligence (2nd ed.). New York Basic Books.Smith, Mark K. (2002, 2008) Howard Gardner and multiple intelligences, the encyclopedia of versed education. Retrieved Aug 10, 2009, from http//ww w.infed.org/thinkers/gardner.htm.Sternberg, R. J. ( 1996 ). Cognitive psychology. Fort Worth, TX Harcourt Brace. Sternberg, R. J (1998). Journal of Principles of Teaching for Successful Intelligence, 33, 65-69. Retrieved ethnic music 10, 2009, from questia database.

History of Makeup in Film

History of constitution in FilmMakeup has been near and enduring changes since 3100- 2907 BC. Men and women in Egypt started with creams to keep their skin diff social occasion and glowing. Soon other countries started take a crapd their own form of opus. Makeup has been around for centuries and is solace widely ingestiond today.The egyptians used unlighted green simulations for eyeshadows and for mascara they would spirit eyelashes with kohl. Some durations they would use the kohl for eye originr. This kohl was actu all in all(a)y do from soot. In Rome they had the aforesaid(prenominal) ideas on how apply shitup provided the ways they did it were dangerous. The Romans believed that to be voluminous your skin had to be pale. To achive this look they would use chalk and even ovalbumin lead.Because these methods were so dangerous many women died due to lead poisoning it caused a lot of health problems such as whisker loss,stomach problems and d beath. nonethelesstua lly they started qualification diagnoseup products from natural food ing rosy-cheekedients. In the victorian era it was believed that if you were eating away penning thusly you were a prostitutes or actresses. Any heavy deliverup or even a slight color change in hair, they would be looked down upon.By this time makeup was evolving and people got jade of using harmful chemicals on their face. Women had stopped using kohl for their eyelashes and started using ardent wax and other oils. Instead of using flour to powder noses gunk Factor created a press powder around 1914.In need makeup actors would usually do their own makeup which caused them to just pinch anything. Most of the products they used contained lead and mercury. To get the desired look they would use an extremely heavy grease paint that was pink in color to re correct the lighting from the film equipment. If the paint was applied to gently the actors would look pale. To try to fight that they would also use bla ck and red liners to try to hollow reveal their eyes. They would sweat under all of those defy lights and every mark on their face would show. Max Factor and George West more than accomplished this was a problem so Max created a special charitable of grease paint that was a lighter product. You were able to build it up to however thick you wanted to and it hardly showed any harsh lines. He would set that grease paint with his pancake makeup which was really his impertinent pressed powder. They still used the red and black liners to hollow out their eyes.His pancake makeup was used in Vogues of 1938 and Goldwyns Follies. It was only used in movies but soon everyone was wearing it offscreen. Max Factor went on to create his beauty empire. He started making foundations, backtalksticks, eyeshadows, cheek tints etc. George Westmore went from a wigging maker to a makeup artist. George invented a lot of tips and tricks for cinema makeup. Even the invention of false lashes. George op ened a tiny makeup studio in 1917. He had big clients like Mary Pickford. He actually found a way to fake her curls everyday.Film makeup has non changed. They use safer materials that have actually been tested. Also, they have also gotten more creative. For eccentric they have been able to make rubber pieces to marry onto the skin and how to paint faces to look more like a character or a monster. Spirit gum was also introduced to the makeup world along with latex paint. The latex works great for making small wrinkles. Lon Chaney used to use fit out and toilet paper to curve his nose up for one of his roles. It was a very dangerous way to curve his nose because the telegram would make his nose bleed.The first time that horror makeup was used in a movie was Nov. 30th in 1925 with the Phantom of the Opera. In regularize to get the makeup effect, Lon Chaney would localize his wig on along with a prosthetic piece for his forehead. He used black shadow for the underneath his eye to make it look like his eye was pulled down with a little bit of white on his bottom lash line to make the eye appear bigger. Also, he used a seek skin material and chewing gumd it down with spirit gum. They tried to glue his nose down with just spirit gum but it would forever and a day fall back down. They had wires running from his nose into his wig piece and the wire was desexualised with the fish skin. They also had little wires for his mouth. His face had little tiny wrinkles all over the place white and black makeup was used to make him look a bit deadish. Then the last step was to give him new teeth to complete the look.In 1935 The Bride of Frankenstein was the next movie to use special effects makeup. Normally actors would do their own makeup but for this movie they brought in a makeup artist named jacks P. Pierce. Jack created two scars under her chin that went into her hair. The scar making process took more or less an hour. They covered her face with foundation lips tick and false eyelashes. Then for her hair they just combed her hair upwards onto a little batting cage and added grey streaks. The creature of the Black Lagoon in 1954. The costume was made from molded rubber sponge.In 1973 The Exorcist used some behavior of forehead piece. They covered up her eyebrows. Also, they used latex to create the cuts on her face and a little bit of bruise colors around her face to make her look possessed with the help of contacts. To create the throw they used pea soup.In 1977 The Incredible Melting Man came out. For this makeup look they gave the actor an oversized helmet that they painted to look skeletal then with a flesh tone. Then they would put syrup and paint all over the mask. Each take they would have to apply more and more so it would look fresh.Next is Alien from 1979. For this movie they used a soft modeling material and snake vertebrates. Also, they used cooling tubes from a car. In 1984 Nightmare on Elm Street became popular because of F reddys destroy across his face. To create these burns the makeup artist used single pieces to lay on the actors face. First, he started off by securing a denuded cap on with spirit gum then latex. Then had to stop out the eyebrows and his beard with a glue stick so the prosthetic pieces would not get stuck to the hair when he glued them down. He put the head piece on first, then the neck piece, he would secure the face piece and then the chin piece. All together in that respect was 11 pieces that were put on. The makeup took about three hours to put on and taking it off. When all of the edges were blended and secure he would go over all of the burns with red paint then very quietly with a white color. The face pieces were sculpted out of silicone so they wouldnt have to start from scratch each day.In 1990 Edward Scissorhands came out and they brought in a mechanic to work on his hands. For his makeup he has a pale shade on his face, the underneath of his eyes have dark bags and that behind be done with just a black eyeshadow thats piano dusted. For the cuts on his face a small layer of latex is all the sfx makeup this movie needed.In 2000 The X-Men was released. For Mystique they had a full body meander to sculpt the 110 pieces. About 60% of her body was covered in prosthetics. They did plaster casts of mostly all of the cast members. Also, they did casts for Wolverines hands. The makeup took around heptad hours for just Mystique.2004 Hellboy was released. The makeup for Hellboy took four hours. First they used all fizz pieces. They applied his back piece and put it over his head to attach to his chest. The last pieces that were applied were the facial prosthetic pieces that only left his pooh-pooh lip. He was then painted all red.They would attach the lower lip part right before they started filming so he could eat or drink.Special effects makeup has gotten more advanced as the time goes by. The artist like a shot have the choice to make prostheti cs to make their job easier. The variety of makeup choices are larger. For example airbrushing in now a possibility. Instead of having to hand paint all of the prosthetics, it takes less time to airbrush than to paint every individual piece. Once youre done airbrushing you can spend more time focusing on the more beta details.

Eat Pray Love Moving Metaphysical Journey English Literature Essay

Eat Pray distinguish Moving Meta somatogenic Journey side of meat Literature EssayThis paper considers the contentious space amid self-affirmation and self-preoccupation in Elizabeth gilberts popular blend memoir, Eat, Pray, whop. Following the surveillance of the wo pieceish confessant, the female person geter has recently experience down the stairs close scrutiny and public suspicion. She is impeach of walking a fine line between critical self-insight and obsessive self-importance and her conk out narratives argon branded as accounts of navel gazing that atomic number 18 less c genius timerned with what is seen than with who is doing the sightedness.These tales of inward journeys, which atomic number 18 typical of forward motiond old age move around writing, necessitate thinking roughly representations of the other, as they c on the whole into aimland the conflicting aspects of authorship, privacy and the subjectivity of truth. The recurring emergence of the se themes in womens travel not however reflects an absorbing feminist interest in questions of indistinguishability and existence, only when in similar manner highlight continued anxieties active ontological questions much(prenominal) as Who am I? and What am I to believe? In subscribe toing these questions against the backdrop of womens travel, the possibility arises that the culture of narcissism is increasingly read as a female discursive practice.Following the backlash against Elizabeth gigabytes popular travel memoir, Eat, Pray, Love, the polar responses to the schoolbook from its female readership exemplify this problematic. The sweet, which has been praised by or so as the ultimate guide to balanced funding and dismissed by others as self-serving junk, poses questions about the requisites in Western culture for organism a female traveler and for telling a story that focuses primarily on the self.At present, womens travel writing is intersecting new spacial hybri dities that form not been crossed before. The genre of travel is still considered a suspect site of exclusionary practices in which masculinist ideology has dictated the formal and epistemic terms of the genre. The genre of self-help, however, is increasingly read as a female discursive practice that is more concerned with ontological questions of being. What we are seeing increasingly, however, is not a seequationation of the cardinal, but a blending and stretch of the rules and conventions of twain. The result of this fusion is the emergence of new kind of hybrid writing, which unmatchable academic from Park University calls, the middled-aged narrative (Wood 2006).The middle-aged travel narrative sustains the traditionalistic quest of the male hero who leaves home as a communion of passage, except the prototype of the protagonist has changed. The narrator is now a nervous female who is writing at mature age and usually, in the midst or aftermath of an existential crisis. This crisis is often knotted in the restraints of domestic help duty. Her narrative, which emphasises a desire for personal growth and balance, employs travel as the archives for this self-realisation. She typically embarks on a travel adventure that is based on undermining the decisions she has made in the past, in an attempt to facilitate activism and change in the future (ibid).The obvious implication of this, as Wood explains, is that if gender is a performance which defines identity, thus identity puke be changed, or redefined by new performances that may or may not still convey the same gendered meaning (2006, 4). On leaving home, for example, the female travel source assumes two positions that have traditionally been cast as male roles-the traveller and the writer. While traveling, she may perform multiple roles in an attempt to gybe the self that has been previously imposed upon her. In doing so, she attempts to develop an autonomous female identity, and then, to giv e voice to that process afterwards.In considering this trend, and its social and cultural implications, it is voiceless to move past the recent global success of Elizabeth gibibytes travel memoir, Eat, Pray, Love. At the time of writing, the book has exchange more than 8 million copies dry land-wide on a seemingly simple premise One Womans Search for E very(prenominal)thing in Italy, India and Indonesia ( sarin 2006). The memoir, which spent 155 weeks on the number one spot of the crude York Times bestseller list, found its success on the story of a once happily married woman, who reeling from a contentious divorce, takes off around the beingness in try of what thrill magazine calls an international safari of self-actualization (2010, score 5). The work, which has been translated into thirty languages, has spawned multiple lines of Eat, Pray, Love merchandise, including goat pillows, prayer shawls (which retail at $350 dollars), a Republic of Tea blend, a digital reader wh ich comes preloaded with the book, a collection of fragrances and a fashion line by designer litigate Wong. The film adaptation, directed by Ryan Murphy and starring Julia Roberts, opened in August this year to mostly unfavourable reviews. The film also has its stimulate official travel partners, namely Lonely Planet (who sell pre-planned Eat, Pray, Love travel packages) and STA Travel, who advertise various gaffes to the cities featured in the film. For high-end travellers, there are also invitations from more luxurious tour companies, such as Micato Safaris extravagance Tour, which encourages Eat, Pray, Love pilgrims or true devotees, to trace gigabytes steps in India for honorable under $20 000.The memoir then, which has become a global backing phenomenon as well as a tourist mecca, appeals to a readership that is secure as interested in self as with other. In the initiative chapters, the new(a)s narrator, Liz, a professional Ameri fuel woman in her mid-thirties, begins to question the performative roles that have defined her. She tells the reader, I dont motive to be married anymore. I dont date to live in this big house. I dont want to have a louse up (Gilbert 2006, 10). She explains that she is tired of being the primary breadwinner, the housekeeper, the social coordinator, the dog-walker, the wife and the soon-to-be-mother (ibid, 11). mistakable to Rita Golden-Gelmans travel narrative, Tales of a Female Nomad, Gilbert also opens with divorce (Wood 2006, 8). She writes,On September 9, 2001, I met with my husband face-to-face for the last time, not realizing that every future meeting would necessitate lawyers between us, to mediate. We had dinner in a restaurant. I tried to talk about our separation, but all we did was fight. He let me know that I was a liar and a treasonist and that he hated me and would never speak to me again. Two mornings later I woke up after a troubled nights sleep to key out that hijacked airplanes were crashing int o the two tallest buildings of my city, as everything invincible that had once stood together now became a burn avalanche of ruin. I called my husband to make sure he was good and we wept together over this disaster, but I did not go to him. During that week, when everyone in New York City dropped animosity in deference to the larger catastrophe at hand, I still did not go back to my husband. Which is how we both knew it was very, very over (Gilbert 2006, 5).Newly single, though not for long, Gilbert brands herself as a woman on the brink of becoming a free individual. She decides she would like a spiritual teacher and constructs a fantasy about what it would be like to have one. She writes,I imagined that this radiantly beautiful Indian woman would come to my apartment a few evenings a week and we would sit and drink tea and talk about divinity, and she would give me learning assignments and explain the significance of the strange sensations I was feeling during meditation (ib id, 7).From the initiation then, Gilbert articulates a desire to use (or misuse) travel as the vehicle for what she believes is her search for spiritual fulfilment. She decides she will spend a year travelling in three countries and goes onto establish an explicit reason for visiting each-Italy (to research the art of pleasure), India (to explore the art of devotion) and Indonesia (to learn the art of balancing both). It was tho later, Gilbert writes, after admitting this dream, that I noticed the happy coincidence that all these countries began with the earn I (ibid, 10). In Gilberts case, this constant reference to the e/motional I is particularly telling of the preoccupations of New Age Travel. Increasingly, women are victimisation travel to pose questions such as, Who am I? Why am I here? and What am I to believe? These questions not only reflect an absorbing feminist interest in questions of identity, but also highlight continued anxieties about a joint female experience , which Bitch Magazine describes as wealthy, whiney and white (2010, par 5).The hybrid text that arises is more concerned with a search for self than with a search for an authentic travel experience. That is, the travel writing is less preoccupied with what is seen than with who is doing the seeing. What we are finding repeatedly in the work of Western women travel writers, is a resurgence in the obsession with the self which has less interest in the other. At its worst, this kind of writing can be self-obsessive, self-important and self-serving, but at its best it can create a richness and social function which is lacking in more objective travel texts. The middle-aged travel narrative, in particular, focuses on travel as a metaphor for a spiritual journey. It is rarely, if ever, framed as an objective investigation into an unknown culture. As the travel that emerges then, is imagined rather than reported, and creative rather than journalistic, the inward looking midpoint becomes more important than the outward.The central problematic then, in many books sold as travel memoirs, is that they actually minimalise and even dilute the travels they seek to voice. In Eat, Pray, Love, this usually happens in one of two ways. Either the place Elizabeth Gilbert ventures to (for example, the Balinese village of Ubud) is romanticised as an exotic other, or it is reduced, in the case of Naples and Mumbai, to a backdrop in her personal dramas. As a result, the memoir pushes the boundaries between self-insight and self-preoccupation. The consequence of this pushing is that the female travel writer has come under close scrutiny and supervision. She is dismissed as a pulp producer, a pawn under industry pressures and an over-exuberant performer whose work emerges, in what Jonathan Raban calls, literatures red-light district (1987). The consequence of this surveillance for the travel memoir, is that its reception draws polar responses from the reading public.Since its debut , the novel has been accused of being self-absorbed and sexist, and even branded by the New York Post as narcissistic New Age reading, curated by Oprah Winfrey (Callahan 2007, par 13). According to Karlyn Crowley, in The Oprahfication of American Culture, Winfrey is a mainstream spokesperson for this kind of writing, as she marries the intimacy and individuality of the New Age movement with the adulation and ply of a 700 Club-like ministry (2010, 35). In recent consultations with guests, Oprah announces to her audience, Live your best life She promotes the heart again on her website, in her magazine and during her book club. But match to some critics, much of Oprahs advice actually moves women away from political, economic, and emotional agency by promoting materialism and dependency m call fored as empowerment (Barnes-Brown and Sanders 2010, par 3). practically of the backlash against the book then, is tied up in what readers perceive as Gilberts own privilege, as well as annoy ances they have with her everyday travel complaints and her preoccupation with sacrificing everything for David-a New York actor who she dates after divorcing her husband. On a trip to Bali, in which Gilbert is commissioned to write a story about Yoga vacations, she is invited to visit a ninth-generation medicament man. Gilbert, spends significant narrative time cope over what she will claim him. She writes,Our Yoga teach had told us in advance that we could each bring one question or problem to the medicine man, and he would try to help us with our troubles. Id been thinking for days of what to ask him. My initial ideas were so lame. Will you make my husband give me a divorce? Will you make David be sexually attracted to me again? (Gilbert 2006, 9).Later, Gilbert admits, I was rightly ashamed of myself for these thoughts who travels all the way around the world to meet an ancient medicine man in Indonesia, only to ask him to intercede in boy trouble? (ibid). Many readers (who obv iously hold with Gilbert on the matter) voiced their own complaints online. Who does this woman think she is? one blogger asks, Anyone should be so lucky to eat a pizza in Naples off their publishers pay check. If she thinks she has something to complain about, writes another, (under the alias Eat, Pray, Shove), then she should try facts of life a child alone.In a recent interview with fun Weekly, Gilbert told how she has stopped going online to read her reviews. All you end up doing is defending yourself to people who you dont know, she said. Two weeks later youre on a loving walk in the woods with your dog and youre having an argument in your head with somebody from Amazon.com (Valby 2010, par 6).Perhaps the most gender-specific retaliation to Eat, Pray, Love is Andrew Gottliebs travel memoir, Drink, Play, emailprotectedk, which sold itself on the premise of One Mans Search for Anything Across Ireland, Las Vegas and Thailand (Gottlieb 2008). In the book, Bob Sullivan, a jilted husband, embarks on a quest to find meaning amongst the glitz and glamour of Vegas, rediscover his passion for drinking in Ireland, and finally, to experience the hedonistic pleasure palaces of Thailand. As the blurb reads,After a life time of playing it safe, Mr. Sullivan finally follows his heart and lives out everyones deepest fantasies. For who among us hasnt dreamed of standing stark naked, head upturned, and mouth agape on a lower floor a cascading torrent of Guinness Stout? What could be more exhilarating than losing every penny you have because Charlie Weiss went for a meaningless last-second field goal? And what animate creature could ever doubt that the greatest pleasure known to man can be found in a leaky bamboo sea chantey filled with glassy-eyed, bruised Asian hookers? Bob Sullivan has a lot to teach us about life. Lets just pray we have the wisdom to put excursion our preoccupations and listen (ibid).Others, however, praise Eat, Pray, Love, as an everyday womans g uide to balanced living. A shared message that many female readers seem to distil from the novel is that a woman should not have to apologise for writing a travel story that is primarily about herself. As one bloggers explains, Gilbert has written about what she feels is the most important and defining time of her life, and millions of women like me, have found it useful and stirring.Despite this sense of belonging, or collective appreciation, Gilbert constantly wonders throughout the novel, how she will fit into some human body of community after she returns from her travels. Much of Gilberts angst seems to originate from a sense of insanity from both herself and those around her. As her mother explains to her, You have to understand how half-size I was raised to expect that I deserved in life, honey. Remember-I come from a different time and place than you do (Gilbert 2006, 29). According to Wood, Gilbert then attempts to answer the difficult questions of her life with the know ledge that, unlike Cinderella, she can choose not to go the ball (2006, 11). It seems her struggle is, essentially, one of choice. In India, she finally finds a place for herself, not at a physical location, but in language-or more specifically, in the Sanskrit word antevasin which Gilbert translates as one who lives at the border (ibid, 70). She writes,When I read this description of the antevasin, I got so excited I gave a little bark of recognition. Thats my word, babyIm just a slippery antevasin-betwixt and between-a student on the ever-shifting border beneficial the wonderful, scary forest of the new (ibid).In a recent interview with the Borders Book Club, Gilbert also describes how many women have attempted to follow her journey, literally.Every once and a while, I get a letter from somebody who says, Okay, so I went to Italy, I found the gelataria where you ate that gelato and then I went to Naples and I found that pizzeria, and I had the pizza, and now I want to go to India . Can you tell me the name of your Ashram? (2010)This idea that happiness can be packaged through anothers travel experience is not without consequence. Should readers of Eat, Pray, Love fail, the genre holds them accountable for not being ready to get serious, not wanting it enough, or not putting themselves first (Barnes-Brown and Sanders 2010, par 7). Gilbert herself seems to acknowledge this, and affirm it, with a proclamation of what she calls The Physics of the Quest.If you are stalwart enough to leave behind everything familiar and comforting (which can be anything from your house to your bitter old resentments) and set out on a truth-seeking journey (either externally or internally), and if you are truly willing to regard everything that happens to you on that journey as a clue, and if you accept everyone you meet on the way as a teacher, and if you are prepared-most of all-to face (and forgive) some very difficult realities about yourselfthen the truth will not be withhel d from you.Whether or not the book is the ultimate spiritual guide to balanced living or just self-serving junk, the central question that the memoir poses is possibly more important than its reception. What is the requisite for being a female traveller and for telling a story that is focussed primarily, perhaps even extravagantly, on the self?

Implementing Product Life Cycle Management in Indian Product

Implementing harvest-tide liveness Cycle heed in Indian harvest-festivalIMPLEMENTING convergence behavior CYCLE MANAGEMENT IN INDIAN intersection pay ORGANIZATIONS come up harvest- eon vitalitybrace calendar method of birth check off worry (PLM) is the do hold of managing the entire life stave of a harvestingionion from commercialise demand, w atomic number 18 radiation pattern, manufacturing, services and disposal. By incorporate sight, entropy, savet against, business organization dusts to fork up crossing reading which buns foster a ships unions harvesting fancy mightiness and their blanket(a) enterprise.In short either- cover vision for managing any contemplate relating to the end, harvest-festivalion, support and ultimate disposal of fabricate goods.The aerospace, medical devices, military, nuclear and c subject railroad car industries drive to nurse safety and control extremely pop stand. This safety and control mea trust ed brought round the idea of PLM in to the market. The descriptor direction general anatomy up evolved into electronic info trouble agreements. This gain ground evolved into entropy focus schemes.By utilise the PLM features, many manufacturers of industrial machinery, capital goods, consumer electronics and package goods invite benefited by and large in the quondam(prenominal) ten years, since the advent of the PLM.CHAPTER 1 mental institution 1.1 PRODUCT LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENTProduct life oscillation commission (PLM) is the mathematical exertion of managing the fat life troll of a harvesting. It symbolizes the encompassing vision for supervising all in all the entropy relating to the initiation, manufacturing, support and the toss of the produced goods.The apprehension of PLM was commencement exercise introduced in the worlds where safety and control were extremely important manage aerospace, nuclear industries, military and medical device.These indust ries invented the discipline of configuration prudence (CM), which later onwards got evolved in to the electronic entropy concern system (EDMS), and this was further develop to the intersection point data focussing (PDM).The usage of PLM tooth root has benefited the manufacturers of the industrial machinery, packaged goods, consumer electronics and complicated engineered mathematical crops, and to a fault there is a rapid cast up in the adoption of PLM bundle by the industries. Product lifecycle watchfulness (PLM) is the procedure of managing the sprain lifecycle of a crossway from its beginning, through with(p) function and manufacture, to service and disposal.PLM integ enumerates mass, data, carry outes and business systems and returns a harvest- age information backb sensation for companies and their extended enterprise. Product lifecycle management is one of the four cornerstones of a corporations information applied science system structure. any comp anionship needs to communicate and sh ar information with their client recounting management (CRM) and overly sh atomic number 18d with the supply mountain persona management and their resources with enterprises management (ERP-Enterprise mental imagery Planning) and their planning (SDLC-System Development manner-cycle). The manufacturing and applied science companies should compulsorily develop, describe, manage, and communicate information about their harvest-tides.1.2 PLM SOLUTIONS11.3 near fatalitys of PLM* selective information turn on under(a)stand rebuffment (The beneficial data)* Product selective information Access Control (To the right mortal)* goflow go counsel (At the right time)* Geometry Management* estimator- support chassis File Control Management* Digital Mockup* integrating Point For private base of Product Data* Information System Inter hardinesss* Authoring Application Integration* Product Data Distri barelyion* Product Data Viewing* modify Control* Configuration Identification* Configuration Status Accounting, Verification and scrutinise* syllabus / be sick Management Coordination* Requirements aim Traceability1.4 BenefitsBenefits of ingathering lifecycle management embarrass-* subject time to market* Improve convergence quality* minify prototyping cost* Saving through the re- practice session of original data* A purge work for convergence optimisation* Reduce eat up* Saving through the fat integration of engineering science workflows1.5 HistoryInspiration for the burgeoning business passage right a musical mode k straightwayn as PLM came when the States Motor Corporation (AMC) was looking for for a way to speed up its product culture process to vie better against its larger competitors in 1985, according to Francois casting iniquity president for Product Engineering and Development. After the introduction of its compact landrover Cherokee (XJ), the fomite that ensn beed the peeledf angled sport utility vehicle (SUV) market, AMC began to develop a invigorated model, which later came out as Jeep Grand Cherokee. The first divide in its quest for faster product growth was figurer ease Design ( wiener) softw atomic number 18 product system that makes engineers more than productive.The conflicts atomic number 18 really easy solved by employ b are-ass communicating system .By this system costly engineering alike changes beca intention of availability of d nudeings and documents in a underlying database. AMC was purchased by Chrysler because of the effectiveness of the product data management .This do the plan and create product to connect with enterprise. season an early adoptive p arnt of PLM technology, Chrysler was able to become the auto patiences lowest-cost producer, recording phylogeny cost that were half(a) of the industry average for the Burge owning business process now known as PLM came when America average by the mid-1990s. CDocume nts and Settingskranthi screen backgroundrakesh_prj_imgRKSH_IMG4.bmp Fig 1. Layout of Product life cycle management1.6 Timeline -Increasing Productivity with Technology21980s Introduction of commercial message computing machine Aided Design (CAD) radically ameliorated Productivity in Product Design1990s Adoption of ERP Systems ERP Systems include Engineering and veer Management Modules Design Build remained separated in silos2000s Adoption of work flow blade technologies accelerated PLM concepts Workflow enabled coaction mingled with different company silos PLM drastically better NPI cycle sharp time cost PLM extended profile and coaction to CMs Suppliers using the wePresent PLM extended Product Design to tertiary dampeny Design Outsourcing Collaboration extended across the orbicular chain to clients Suppliers Introduction of Industry Government Standards Compliance Adoption of cooperative prime(a) Improvement across the supply chain Adoption of computer progra m/ drift establish PLM Portfolio Management Adoption of PLM Analytics and Intelligence for Cost/ do work synopsis Improve.1.7 shapes of Product lifecycle3There are many software solutions now substantial which are use to organize and integrate the various(a) phases of the product s life cycle.PLM is the star software with a suite of diaphysiss with whatsoever(prenominal) on the job(p) methods, all these integrates to define single or different point in time of product life cycle. PLM blow is covered by nearly software providers but different only single application. about of the applications throne span various handle of PLM with different modules, with in the similar data model. alin concert fields in PLM are covered here. It should also non be bury that one of the main goals of PLM is to collect association that understructure be re utilise for former(a) be afters and to coordinate simultaneous synchronous organic evolution of many products. PLM is in th e first regulate related to with engineering delegates and also involves the activities of trade like Product Portfolio Management (PPM), and generally with regards to the fresh product introduction (NPI).1.7.1. cast 1 supposeImagine, specify, plan, and infixThe initial phase in idea is the rendering of its requirements based on customer, company, market and regulatory bo fatigues viewpoints. Major technical parameter evoke be defined by this product specification. Many functional verbalism and requirement specification are carried out parallel with the initial concept determination work carried out by defining the visual esthetics of the product. For the industrial Design Styling, work many different media are utilize from pencil and paper, clay models to 3D Computer Aided Design software1.7.2. Phase 2 DesignDescribe, Define, Develop, Test, Analyze and validateThis is where the detailed design and emergence of the products form starts, progressing to precedent testin g, through pi attracter release to amply product launch. It may also include the redesign and ramp for progress to relegate products as well as Planned obsolescence. CAD implement is employ for design and development. This hatful be a simple or vaporous 2D Drawing / Drafting or 3D parametric device characteristic Based Solid/Surface Modeling. Such software includes technology much(prenominal) as Hybrid Modeling, R constantlyse Engineering, KBE (Knowledge Based Engineering), NDT (Non Destructive Testing), congregation ex stirionThis step covers many engineering disciplines including Mechanical, Electrical, Electronic, Software (embedded), and domain-specific, such(prenominal) as Architectural, Aerospace, Automotive, along with the actual creation of geometry there is the synopsis of the components and product assemblies. By standing alone the CAE (Computer-aided engineering) software place perform example brass and optimization task or it may carry out by integrating w ith CAD package. These are apply to perform tasks such as dimensional tolerance (Engineering) analysis task is performed by using CAQ (computer aided quality) such as Dimensional Tolerance (engineering) Analysis. A nonher task which is carried out at this phase is the sourcing of bought out components, possibly with the aid of Procurement systems.1.7.3. Phase 3 Realize Manufacture, Make, Build, Procure, Produce, Sell and DeliverThe method of manufacturing is defined when the design of the products componnent is aced. It performs task such as design creation of CNC machining instructions for the products pop as also it asshole perform tolls to manufacture those product which fucking be through using integrated or separate CAM. mould simulation for operations such as casting shake offing and die press forming leave also be involve in the analysis tools. CPM comes in to play only when the manufacture method gets identified. The original CAD data with the use of Computer Aided Inspection equipment and software is utilise for checking the geometrical form and size of the components after they get manufactured. gross sales product configuration and marketing documentation work will be taking place parallel to the engineering task. This could include transferring engineering data (geometry and fall a reveal describe data) to a web based sales configuration and other Desktop Publishing systems1.7.4. Phase 4 ServiceUse, Operate, Maintain, Support, sustain, phase-out, Retire, Recycle and governing bodyIn final stage of the lifecycle the managing of in service information is involved. The speed and maintence, waste management/recycling information is provided to the customers and to service engineers. Maintenance pay and operation management software tools are involved.1.7.5. both phases Product lifecycleCommunicate, Manage and assembleIn many cases or in real serviceable a project does non run sequentially or maintain isolation of other project deve lopment project. The co-ordination of and management of product definition data is the main part of PLM, it includes release status of the components, managing of engineering changes, management of documents, project resources planning, configuration product variations, multiplicationcale and risk assessment. The text and metadata such as the product bills of materials needs to be managed. At the engineering departments stage this is the plain of PDM (Product Data Management) software, at the commercial take EDM (Enterprise Data Management) software it is regular(prenominal) to bewitch ii or more data management systems deep down an organization. These systems are also linked to other systems such as SCM, CRM, and ERP. Associated with these systems are Project Management Systems for Project/Program Planning. Numerous collaborative product development tools cover this central role which runs passim the whole life cycle and across organizations. This needs various technology t ools in the area of Conferencing, Data Sharing and Data Translation.CHAPTER 2 Research study conducted on (Cell hollo)During past decade of time the, prison prison cubicle ring has become a part of our daily life .Like any product, making a mobile call tele remember setular phone phone and its parts requires natural resources and vigor. Understanding the life cycle of a product clear care you make environmental choices about the products you use, and how you sell of them. allow us consider the example of a Nokia cell phone product life cycle management.2.1 Concept Design4The design of the product influences some(prenominal)ly stage of its lifecycle and also influences the environment. Design will affect the materials which are use in manufacturing of a product. If cheaper materials are employ they are little durable, the product will gift a short useful life. pine lowlife be pr level(p)ted by proper design of the product. The design of the product with standard components sens be easily replaced and entire product need not be thrown and twisted and twisted away if only one part of the product gets broken. The items having long life, smart design should be avoided because they are not thrown away when they go out of style.2.2 Materials Extraction4All products are manufactured from the materials which are found in or on the reason. huffy materials, such as trees or ore, are directly mine or harvested from the earth and this process crowd out take a lot of defilement and also involves usage of large sum ups of energy and depletes the limited natural resources. The manufacturing of clean products from recycled materials will reduce the amounts of the raw materials, creation taken from the earth. The hand set consists of 40 percent metals, 40 percent plastics, and 20 percent ceramics and watch over materials.The circle board which is also termed as a printed wiring board, prove in the hand set is the main component and is the brai n of the cell phone controlling all of its functions. The perimeter boards are up of mined and raw materials like silicon, crap, tip, nickel, tantalum, beryllium and other metals. Circuit board manufacturing requires pure(a) inunct for plastics and limestone and sand for the fiberglass, these materials are also known as dogged toxins and can stay in the environment for long periods of time even after their disposal.The cell phone consists of a pellucid crystal vaunting (LCD), a low power, flat- panel display on the front of the phone that shows information and images. The passage of electric current through it makes it milklike. The contrast between the opaque and transparent areas forms visible characters. Various liquid crystalline substances, either naturally occurring (such as mercury, a potentially dangerous substance) or human-make, are used to make LCDs, require the usage of plastic or glass. The reversible batteries used to power the phones can use well-nigh(pre nominal) types of batteries nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH), lithium-ion (Li-Ion), nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cad), or leave alone acid. These batteries subscribe nickel, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, and shit.2.3 Materials Processing4Once materials are extracted, they must be born-again into a form that can be used to make products. For example, in cell phones Crude oil is combined with natural gas and chemicals in a processing plant to make plastic Copper is mined, ground, heated, and tough with chemicals and electrical energy to isolate the pure metal used to make overlap boards and batteries. The ca-caing copper pieces are transported to the manufacturer where they are formed into sheets and wires.2.4 Manufacturing4The basic shape of the circuit board is make by using plastics and fiberglass, and is then cover with amber plating. The board has several electronic components which are connected with wires made of copper and are soldered to the board, are secured with coatings and protectiv e glues.LCDs are manufactured by sandwiching the liquid crystal in between layers of plastic or glass. Batteries nonplus devil separate parts known as electrodes, which are made from two different metals. Electrolyte is a liquid substance which touches from each one electrode.2.5 incase ecstasy4The use of packaging can protect products from damage and provide product information. Finished products are transported in trucks, planes, and trains to different locations where they are sold. All of these modes of superman burn fossil fuels, which can contribute to worldwide mode change. The accurate products and the parts of the cell phone require packaging and tape transport in order to get from one place to another.The transportation done by plane, rail or truck requires the usage of the fossils fuels for energy, which contribute to the globular modality change. While the packaging of the product protects it from getting damaged, identifies contents and provides information, ornamental or excessive packaging can be wasteful. Packaging makes use of the important natural resources which include paper (from trees), plastics (from crude oil from the earth), and atomic number 13 (from ore) and other materials, all of which makes use of energy to produce and can result in waste.2.6 Reuse/Recycling/Disposal4The way products are used can impact the environment. For example, products that are only used once create more waste than products that are used again and again. Using a product over and over again obstructs the need to create the product from scratch, which saves resources and energy while also preventing pollution. Recycling or re-manufacturing products also reduces the amount of sunrise(prenominal) materials that have to be extracted from the earth.Always comparison shop to be sure that you get the proper service and the phone that is right for you. By using the reversible batteries in cell phones reduces the amount of the waste and perniciousne ss that useable batteries will create. Be sure to follow the manufacturers instructions for charging your batteries so you can extend their life as long as potential2.7 invigoration4Recycling or donating the cell phones when they are no long-life require by you or want them extends their useful lives, and preventing them from going into the codswallop where they can cause problems relating to the environment.2.8 Reuse4Many organizations including recyclers, Charities, and electronics manufacturers accept work cell phones and pass them to schools, community organizations, and individuals in need. Reuse provides people, who cannot afford them, free or minify cost access to revolutionary phones and their accessories. And thereby it extends the useful sprightliness of a phone.2.9 Recycle4Springing up of electronics recyclers is every-where. Today, various stores, recycling centers and manufacturers accept cell phones for recycling. While few electronics recyclers only allow lar ge shipments, the communities, schools, or groups can work together to collect used cell phones for shipment to electronics recyclers. Some of the rechargeable batteries can also be recycled, as many retail stores and some communities have started collecting them. The material recovered from the rechargeable batteries when they are recycled can be used for making new stainless vane products and batteries. You can use the phone book or Internet to hear the local contacts that refurbish and recycle cell phones.2.10 Disposal4By 2009, the rate at which cell phones are discarded is predicted to exceed 125 billion phones each year, resulting in more than 65,000 tons of waste. The cell phones which are thrown into the frappe end up in a landfill or are burned. As the cell phone contains plastics, chemical, metals and other hazardous substances, you should always recycle, present or trade in your old cell phone.2.11 Headset4Many people use a cell phone headset when they are driving or when they are walking around to keep their hands free. Most models of headsets can be reused when you bargain for a new phone.2.12 Belt clip4Some people buy belt clips to carry cell phones while not in use. Reusing or donating your belt clip when you are finished using it prevents waste.2.13 lawsuit plate4Decorative face plates can be trendy and fun, but you dont need them to use a cell phone. The best way to prevent waste is to simply not buy products you dont need. If you do buy face plates, donate unwanted ones to a charity or barter them with your friends instead of throwing them away. Portable gaming cell phones have a lot of the analogous parts as hand-held video game and CD players, consoles and movable CD players, including speakers, circuit boards, and LCDs. Old or broken consoles and players can also be reused or recycled when no longer wanted. Advances in cell phone technology have given phones many uses today.CHAPTER 3 role resume 3.1 expression study secSiemen s Home and superpower discourse Devices (SHC) is a leading company for home and office communication infrastructure. The company sells its products in more than 50 countries.3.1.1 agate line ChallengeSHC has several engineering and manufacturing disciplines which are unique and located at one single site, in Germany. Mold tooling development, mechanical design development, manufacturing and assembling are all done in Bocholt, Germany.For Siemens the market pressure is very spicy in electronics and electric and consumer goods, and there is stress from this competition to reduce development cycles and its time to market new goods, as there is a wide range of products introduced into the market year after year with new designs and more manifoldity. consequently Siemens recognized that it has to make utilitys in its quality and olibanum essential to enhance the supply chain integration and quislingism to march its marketing challenges.Siemens soon recognized that to overcome the external and inner pressures it has to improve its development and product life cycle for the future victor of Siemens SHC. Siemens had been working with a 3-D CAD system Euclid 3 for about 10 years on which it had made all doable improvements and it cannot upgrade it any further, so it has to get religious service from immaterial participator to help and go across a new product life cycle (PLM) system.3.1.2 SolutionSiemens in partnership with IBM services employ CATIA V5 and smart TEAM as a new PLM computer programme for improvement in product development. CATIA V5 has a set of predefined product and process templates, helps to quickly drop off even sophisticated design tasks with a high level of accuracy.With CATIA V5 and SMARTEAM, SHC has improved design intro, taking advantage of the existing know-how and design to manufacturing process to the development and reduction of costs. In addition to that, this tool has helped make the mold tool development and NC manuf acturing very competitive with low-cost suppliers from places like China.3.2 Case study 2 Airbus UK 3.2.1 Business ChallengeTo meet tight deadlines for tar and reduce design and manufacturing costs by constantly improving working processes throughout the aircraft lifecycle.3.2.2 SolutionIBM has provided with a squad of flexible and scalable experts which included strategical business consultants, aircraft industry specialists and project managers to define and implement variation classs in business, financial and organisational disciplines.3.2.3 Business BenefitsImproved collaboration with suppliers eliminated data re-entry, redemptive 18 million on collaboration with suppliers.* Improved concurrent engineering reduced lead time on wing by 41 weeks (36% reduction).* The worlds first flight of largest passenger aircraft completed on time.* retentiveness plan programming.* Innovative practices introduced from concurrent engineering and collaborative working.3.2.4 Why it matte rs?IBM aggroup created new business, financial and organizational processes to meet the deadlines while cost loveting the design and manufacturing for the new Airbus A380. These changes has understanded the airplane manufacturing methodology while change Airbus UK to cut cost and time out of design and manufacture, improve collaboration with suppliers and renounce key components on schedule to ensure the A380 aircrafts on-time first flight.3.2.5 gravestone Components IBM ball-shaped Business ServicesIn developing the new technologies and push the boundaries of knowledge in the aerospace industry Airbus is leading the world. Airbus is an extremely complex business, which employs march on technologies and procedures, some of which have mainly been developed for this project. In such a large-scale, modern design and manufacturing process, a lot of attention is paid at belongings costs under control. Wing assembly is one of the most complex parts of the aircraft, an element fo r which Airbus UK has the design and manufacturing responsibility.The company realized early in the A380 program that new processes would be needed to achieve the combative timeline for the airplane. We needed to radically transform our approach to the A380, and saw appreciate in carry in an objective external consultancy to help define and implement new ways of working, says Iain Gray, Managing Director of Airbus UK. Nowhere is this more evident than in its design and development of the A380, the worlds largest passenger jet. Airbus is a highly complex business, employing advance technologies and processes, some of which have specifically been developed for this project. In such a large-scale, forward-looking design and manufacturing operation, much attention is paid to keeping costs under control. Airbus UK commissioned IBM world-wide Business Services to bring together a team of experts to analyze designs, design processes and manufacturing operations. IBM is exclusively p laced to give advice and help us transform Airbus UK, says Gray. It has commodious breadth and depth of knowledge, with expertness in business, financial and organizational disciplines as well as the aircraft industry and computer technology. The core IBM Global Business Services program team includes strategic business consultants, aircraft industry specialists and project managers. This team is expanded when ever necessitate by drafting in specialists and consultants who bring a complete cross-sectional of business and technical skills relevant to the specific problem being sourceed.3.2.6 invention out costInitiatives from IBM Global Business Services help us drive cost out of design and manufacture, improve collaborative working, and transform the way we work with our many subcontractors, explains Gray. Improved collaboration with suppliers eliminated data re-entry, thrift 18 million. The IBM team has helped the Airbus UK improve the concurrent engineering, reducing lead ti me of the wing by 41 weeks (36 percent reduction).Sometimes, initiatives originated directly from the IBM team. Airbus construct complete 3D models of A380 components to analyze clash conditions in airframe systems and structure earlier committing to cut metalfor example, to ensure that there were adequate clearances for slat and shake mechanisms on the wing and the landing gear. Such large-scale 3D mold involves an enormous volume of number-crunching, which would normally trigger the purchase of large processors. seeing this situation, IBM consultants introduced Airbus to the concept of GRID computing, which pools unutilized processing capacity in hundreds of distributed workstations for use with processor-intensive applications. A prototype was developed, and IBM then completed the slaying of GRID technology, there by thriftiness Airbus a considerable investment.In the area of business transformation, IBM Global Business Services is organizing an experienced team of human re source and organizational specialists to help Airbus UK transform from a development organization to one labour large-scale serial production.The key aspect in the success of the A380 program is educating several hundred people across Airbus UK and its many of the subcontractors in the new tools, processes and collaborative working. With an infinite pool of resources, IBM responded very rapidly to Airbus training needs, building and delivering of shipshape courses that reflect the processes and technologies defined at the strategic level.3.3 Case occupy 3 Maruti Udyog LtdMaruti Udyog Ltd., a subsidiary of Suzuki Moto Corporation of Japan, has been the leading Indian passenger car maker for about two decades. The company has a various(a) portfolio that includes the Maruti 800the Omni a premium small car, Zen the international brands, Alto and WagonR an off-roader, gipsy the mid-size look on a luxury car, Baleno an MPV, Versa a premium subcompact car, prompt and a luxury SUV, Gr and Vitara XL7. The companys 11 base platforms encompass300 variants for 100 exporting destinations. gibe to Marutis vision statement, its goals include maintaining leadership in the Indian auto industry, creating customer delight, increasing shareholder wealth and being a primp of India. Customers have shown their approval, ranking Maruti high in customer satisfaction for cardinal years in a row according to the J.D. Power Asia peaceful 2005 India Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) Study. The company has also ranked highest in the India Sales Satisfaction Study.3.3.1The need for PLMAmong the companys product development challenges, the need for shorter cycle times is always at the top. Management wants to be able to launch new models faster and reduce the time required for minor changes and development of product variants. Another challenge is co-development. Marutis goal is to collaborate closely with its worldwide teams and suppliers on the development of new platforms and product freshening. Other challenges include streamlining the process of vehicle localization and enhancing quality and reliability. These challenges pointed directly to a product lifecycle management (PLM) solution with capabilities for information management, process management, knowledge magnetise and support for global collaboration a PLM solution directly addressing Marutis business challenges. For example, PLMs information management capabilities address the issue of the many plat forms, local variants and export destinations. Process management endures concurrent development and faster change management and provides a platform for other process improvements for faster vehicle development. Knowledge capture increases innovation and also reduces costs by increasing part re-use. PLMs collaboration capabilities permit global development by ensuring fast and accurate public exposure of product information.3.3.2. Implementation profileMaruti selected the UGS PLM software soluti on because UGS leverages the business value by offering complete PLM solution, according to C.V. Raman, general manager, Engineering Division, Maruti Udyog Ltd. Marutis PLM implementation includes aggroup nucleus, NX and Techno matrix software. Team centre provides a wide range of functionality for release management including bills of material management and change management. Team centre also handles the vehicle localization process, coordinates the part approval process and integrates design and engineering information with the companys ERP system. Team centre also providesImplementing Product Life Cycle Management in Indian ProductImplementing Product Life Cycle Management in Indian ProductIMPLEMENTING PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT IN INDIAN PRODUCT MANUFACTURE ORGANIZATIONSAbstractProduct lifecycle management (PLM) is the process of managing the entire lifecycle of a product from market demand, product design, manufacturing, services and disposal. By integrating people, data, process, business systems to provide product information which can foster a companys product innovation ability and their extended enterprise.In short all-encompassing vision for managing all data relating to the design, production, support and ultimate disposal of manufactured goods.The aerospace, medical devices, military, nuclear and automobile industries need to maintain safety and control extremely important. This safety and control measure brought about the concept of PLM in to the market. The configuration management further evolved into electronic data management systems. This further evolved into data management systems.By using the PLM features, many manufacturers of industrial machinery, capital goods, consumer electronics and packaged goods have benefited largely in the past ten years, since the advent of the PLM.CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PRODUCT LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENTProduct lifecycle management (PLM) is the procedure of managing the complete lifecycle of a product. It symbolizes the encompassing vision for supervising all the data relating to the design, manufacturing, support and the dumping of the produced goods.The concept of PLM was first introduced in the areas where safety and control were extremely important like aerospace, nuclear industries, military and medical device.These industries invented the discipline of configuration management (CM), which later got evolved in to the electronic data management system (EDMS), and this was further developed to the product data management (PDM).The usage of PLM solution has benefited the manufacturers of the industrial machinery, packaged goods, consumer electronics and complicated engineered products, and also there is a rapid increase in the adoption of PLM software by the industries. Product lifecycle management (PLM) is the procedure of managing the complete lifecycle of a product from its beginning, through design and manufacture, to service and disposal.PLM integrates people, data, processes and business systems and provides a product information backbone for companies and their extended enterprise. Product lifecycle management is one of the four cornerstones of a corporations information technology system structure. Every company needs to communicate and share information with their customer relation management (CRM) and also shared with the supply chain management and their resources with enterprises management (ERP-Enterprise Resource Planning) and their planning (SDLC-System Development Life-cycle). The manufacturing and engineering companies should compulsorily develop, describe, manage, and communicate information about their products.1.2 PLM SOLUTIONS11.3 Some requirements of PLM* Data File Control Management (The right data)* Product Data Access Control (To the right person)* Workflow Process Management (At the right time)* Geometry Management* CAD File Control Management* Digital Mockup* Integration Point For Single Source of Product Data* Information System Interfaces* Authoring Application Integration* Product Data Distribution* Product Data Viewing* Change Control* Configuration Identification* Configuration Status Accounting, Verification and Audit* Program / Project Management Coordination* Requirements Design Traceability1.4 BenefitsBenefits of product lifecycle management include-* Reduced time to market* Improve product quality* Reduced prototyping costs* Saving through the re-use of original data* A frame work for product optimization* Reduce waste* Saving through the complete integration of engineering workflows1.5 HistoryInspiration for the burgeoning business process now known as PLM came when America Motor Corporation (AMC) was looking for a way to speed up its product development process to compete better against its larger competitors in 1985, according to Francois casting Vice President for Product Engineering and Development. After the introduction of its compact jeep Cherokee (XJ), the vehicle that launched the moder n sport utility vehicle (SUV) market, AMC began to develop a new model, which later came out as Jeep Grand Cherokee. The first part in its quest for faster product development was Computer Aided Design (CAD) software system that makes engineers more productive.The conflicts are very easily solved by using new communication system .By this system costly engineering also changes because of availability of drawings and documents in a central database. AMC was purchased by Chrysler because of the effectiveness of the product data management .This made the designing and building product to connect with enterprise. While an early adopter of PLM technology, Chrysler was able to become the auto industrys lowest-cost producer, recording development costs that were half of the industry average for the Burge owning business process now known as PLM came when America average by the mid-1990s. CDocuments and SettingskranthiDesktoprakesh_prj_imgRKSH_IMG4.bmp Fig 1. Layout of Product life cycle ma nagement1.6 Timeline -Increasing Productivity with Technology21980s Introduction of Commercial Computer Aided Design (CAD) radically improved Productivity in Product Design1990s Adoption of ERP Systems ERP Systems included Engineering and Change Management Modules Design Build remained separated in silos2000s Adoption of Workflow Web technologies accelerated PLM concepts Workflow enabled collaboration between different company silos PLM drastically improved NPI cycle cutting time cost PLM extended visibility and collaboration to CMs Suppliers using the wePresent PLM extended Product Design to 3rd party Design Outsourcing Collaboration extended across the global chain to Customers Suppliers Introduction of Industry Government Standards Compliance Adoption of Collaborative Quality Improvement across the supply chain Adoption of Program/Project based PLM Portfolio Management Adoption of PLM Analytics and Intelligence for Cost/Process Analysis Improve.1.7 Phases of Product lifecy cle3There are many software solutions now developed which are use to organize and integrate the various phases of the product s life cycle.PLM is the single software with a suite of tools with several working methods, all these integrates to define single or different stage of product life cycle. PLM range is covered by some software providers but other only single application. Some of the applications can span various fields of PLM with different modules, with in the similar data model.All fields in PLM are covered here. It should also not be forgotten that one of the main goals of PLM is to collect knowledge that can be reused for other projects and to coordinate simultaneous concurrent development of many products. PLM is mainly related with engineering tasks and also involves the activities of marketing like Product Portfolio Management (PPM), and mainly with regards to the new product introduction (NPI).1.7.1. Phase 1 ConceiveImagine, specify, plan, and innovateThe initial phas e in idea is the definition of its requirements based on customer, company, market and regulatory bodies viewpoints. Major technical parameter can be defined by this product specification. Many functional aspect and requirement specification are carried out parallel with the initial concept design work carried out by defining the visual aesthetics of the product. For the Industrial Design Styling, work many different media are used from pencil and paper, clay models to 3D Computer Aided Design software1.7.2. Phase 2 DesignDescribe, Define, Develop, Test, Analyze and validateThis is where the detailed design and development of the products form starts, progressing to prototype testing, through pilot release to full product launch. It may also include the redesign and ramp for improvement to present products as well as Planned obsolescence. CAD tool is used for design and development. This can be a simple or plain 2D Drawing / Drafting or 3D Parametric Feature Based Solid/Surface Mode ling. Such software includes technology such as Hybrid Modeling, Reverse Engineering, KBE (Knowledge Based Engineering), NDT (Non Destructive Testing), Assembly constructionThis step covers many engineering disciplines including Mechanical, Electrical, Electronic, Software (embedded), and domain-specific, such as Architectural, Aerospace, Automotive, Along with the actual creation of geometry there is the analysis of the components and product assemblies. By standing alone the CAE (Computer-aided engineering) software can perform simulation validation and optimization task or it may carry out by integrating with CAD package. These are used to perform tasks such as Dimensional tolerance (Engineering) analysis task is performed by using CAQ (computer aided quality) such as Dimensional Tolerance (engineering) Analysis. Another task which is carried out at this phase is the sourcing of bought out components, possibly with the aid of Procurement systems.1.7.3. Phase 3 Realize Manufactur e, Make, Build, Procure, Produce, Sell and DeliverThe method of manufacturing is defined when the design of the products componnent is completed. It performs task such as design creation of CNC machining instructions for the products part as also it can perform tolls to manufacture those product which can be done using integrated or separate CAM. Process simulation for operations such as casting molding and die press forming will also be involve in the analysis tools. CPM comes in to play only when the manufacture method gets identified. The original CAD data with the use of Computer Aided Inspection equipment and software is used for checking the geometrical form and size of the components after they get manufactured.Sales product configuration and marketing documentation work will be taking place parallel to the engineering task. This could include transferring engineering data (geometry and part list data) to a web based sales configuration and other Desktop Publishing systems1.7 .4. Phase 4 ServiceUse, Operate, Maintain, Support, sustain, phase-out, Retire, Recycle and DisposalIn final stage of the lifecycle the managing of in service information is involved. The repair and maintence, waste management/recycling information is provided to the customers and to service engineers. Maintenance repair and operation management software tools are involved.1.7.5. All phases Product lifecycleCommunicate, Manage and CollaborateIn many cases or in real practical a project does not run sequentially or maintain isolation of other project development project. The co-ordination of and management of product definition data is the main part of PLM, it includes release status of the components, managing of engineering changes, management of documents, project resources planning, configuration product variations, timescale and risk assessment. The text and metadata such as the product bills of materials needs to be managed. At the engineering departments stage this is the area of PDM (Product Data Management) software, at the commercial level EDM (Enterprise Data Management) software it is typical to see two or more data management systems within an organization. These systems are also linked to other systems such as SCM, CRM, and ERP. Associated with these systems are Project Management Systems for Project/Program Planning. Numerous collaborative product development tools cover this central role which runs throughout the whole life cycle and across organizations. This needs various technology tools in the area of Conferencing, Data Sharing and Data Translation.CHAPTER 2 Research study conducted on (Cell phone)During past decade of time the, cell phone has become a part of our daily life .Like any product, making a cell phone and its parts requires natural resources and energy. Understanding the life cycle of a product can help you make environmental choices about the products you use, and how you dispose of them. Let us consider the example of a Nokia cell phone product life cycle management.2.1 Concept Design4The design of the product influences each stage of its lifecycle and also influences the environment. Design will affect the materials which are used in manufacturing of a product. If cheaper materials are used they are less durable, the product will have a short useful life. Waste can be prevented by proper design of the product. The design of the product with modular components can be easily replaced and entire product need not be thrown away if only one part of the product gets broken. The items having long life, trendy design should be avoided because they are not thrown away when they go out of style.2.2 Materials Extraction4All products are manufactured from the materials which are found in or on the earth. Raw materials, such as trees or ore, are directly mined or harvested from the earth and this process can create a lot of pollution and also involves usage of large amounts of energy and depletes the limited natural resources. The manufacturing of new products from recycled materials will reduce the amounts of the raw materials, being taken from the earth. The hand set consists of 40 percent metals, 40 percent plastics, and 20 percent ceramics and trace materials.The circuit board which is also termed as a printed wiring board, present in the hand set is the main component and is the brain of the cell phone controlling all of its functions. The circuit boards are up of mined and raw materials like silicon, copper, lead, nickel, tantalum, beryllium and other metals. Circuit board manufacturing requires crude oil for plastics and limestone and sand for the fiberglass, these materials are also known as persistent toxins and can stay in the environment for long periods of time even after their disposal.The cell phone consists of a liquid crystal display (LCD), a low power, flat- panel display on the front of the phone that shows information and images. The passage of electric current through it ma kes it opaque. The contrast between the opaque and transparent areas forms visible characters. Various liquid crystalline substances, either naturally occurring (such as mercury, a potentially dangerous substance) or human-made, are used to make LCDs, require the usage of plastic or glass. The rechargeable batteries used to power the phones can use several types of batteries nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH), lithium-ion (Li-Ion), nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cad), or lead acid. These batteries contain nickel, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, and copper.2.3 Materials Processing4Once materials are extracted, they must be converted into a form that can be used to make products. For example, in cell phones Crude oil is combined with natural gas and chemicals in a processing plant to make plastic Copper is mined, ground, heated, and treated with chemicals and electricity to isolate the pure metal used to make circuit boards and batteries. The resulting copper pieces are transported to the manufacturer where the y are formed into sheets and wires.2.4 Manufacturing4The basic shape of the circuit board is made by using plastics and fiberglass, and is then coated with gold plating. The board has several electronic components which are connected with wires made of copper and are soldered to the board, are secured with coatings and protective glues.LCDs are manufactured by sandwiching the liquid crystal in between layers of plastic or glass. Batteries have two separate parts known as electrodes, which are made from two different metals. Electrolyte is a liquid substance which touches each electrode.2.5 Packaging Transportation4The use of packaging can protect products from damage and provide product information. Finished products are transported in trucks, planes, and trains to different locations where they are sold. All of these modes of transportation burn fossil fuels, which can contribute to global climate change. The finished products and the parts of the cell phone require packaging and t ransportation in order to get from one place to another.The transportation done by plane, rail or truck requires the usage of the fossils fuels for energy, which contribute to the global climate change. While the packaging of the product protects it from getting damaged, identifies contents and provides information, decorative or excessive packaging can be wasteful. Packaging makes use of the valuable natural resources which include paper (from trees), plastics (from crude oil from the earth), and aluminum (from ore) and other materials, all of which makes use of energy to produce and can result in waste.2.6 Reuse/Recycling/Disposal4The way products are used can impact the environment. For example, products that are only used once create more waste than products that are used again and again. Using a product over and over again prevents the need to create the product from scratch, which saves resources and energy while also preventing pollution. Recycling or re-manufacturing product s also reduces the amount of new materials that have to be extracted from the earth.Always comparison shop to be sure that you get the proper service and the phone that is right for you. By using the rechargeable batteries in cell phones reduces the amount of the waste and toxicity that disposable batteries will create. Be sure to follow the manufacturers instructions for charging your batteries so you can extend their life as long as possible2.7 Life4Recycling or donating the cell phones when they are no longer needed by you or want them extends their useful lives, and preventing them from going into the trash where they can cause problems relating to the environment.2.8 Reuse4Many organizations including recyclers, Charities, and electronics manufacturers accept working cell phones and offer them to schools, community organizations, and individuals in need. Reuse provides people, who cannot afford them, free or reduced cost access to new phones and their accessories. And thereby it extends the useful lifetime of a phone.2.9 Recycle4Springing up of electronics recyclers is every-where. Today, various stores, recycling centers and manufacturers accept cell phones for recycling. While few electronics recyclers only allow large shipments, the communities, schools, or groups can work together to collect used cell phones for shipment to electronics recyclers. Some of the rechargeable batteries can also be recycled, as many retail stores and some communities have started collecting them. The material recovered from the rechargeable batteries when they are recycled can be used for making new stainless steel products and batteries. You can use the phone book or Internet to find the local contacts that refurbish and recycle cell phones.2.10 Disposal4By 2009, the rate at which cell phones are discarded is predicted to exceed 125 million phones each year, resulting in more than 65,000 tons of waste. The cell phones which are thrown into the trash end up in a landfill o r are burned. As the cell phone contains plastics, chemical, metals and other hazardous substances, you should always recycle, donate or trade in your old cell phone.2.11 Headset4Many people use a cell phone headset when they are driving or when they are walking around to keep their hands free. Most models of headsets can be reused when you buy a new phone.2.12 Belt clip4Some people buy belt clips to carry cell phones while not in use. Reusing or donating your belt clip when you are finished using it prevents waste.2.13 Face plate4Decorative face plates can be trendy and fun, but you dont need them to use a cell phone. The best way to prevent waste is to simply not buy products you dont need. If you do buy face plates, donate unwanted ones to a charity or swap them with your friends instead of throwing them away. Portable gaming cell phones have a lot of the same parts as hand-held video game and CD players, consoles and portable CD players, including speakers, circuit boards, and L CDs. Old or broken consoles and players can also be reused or recycled when no longer wanted. Advances in cell phone technology have given phones many uses today.CHAPTER 3CASE STUDY 3.1 Case study SiemensSiemens Home and Office Communication Devices (SHC) is a leading company for home and office communication infrastructure. The company sells its products in more than 50 countries.3.1.1 Business ChallengeSHC has several engineering and manufacturing disciplines which are unique and located at one single site, in Germany. Mold tooling development, mechanical design development, manufacturing and assembling are all done in Bocholt, Germany.For Siemens the market pressure is very high in electronics and electric and consumer goods, and there is stress from this competition to reduce development cycles and its time to market new goods, as there is a wide range of products introduced into the market year after year with new designs and more complexity. Therefore Siemens recognized that i t has to make improvements in its quality and thus needed to enhance the supply chain integration and collaboration to meet its marketing challenges.Siemens soon recognized that to overcome the external and internal pressures it has to improve its development and product life cycle for the future success of Siemens SHC. Siemens had been working with a 3-D CAD system Euclid 3 for about 10 years on which it had made all possible improvements and it cannot upgrade it any further, so it has to get help from outside partner to help and implement a new product life cycle (PLM) system.3.1.2 SolutionSiemens in partnership with IBM services implemented CATIA V5 and SMART TEAM as a new PLM platform for improvement in product development. CATIA V5 has a set of predefined product and process templates, helps to quickly complete even sophisticated design tasks with a high level of accuracy.With CATIA V5 and SMARTEAM, SHC has improved design innovation, taking advantage of the existing know-how and design to manufacturing process to the development and reduction of costs. In addition to that, this tool has helped make the mold tool development and NC manufacturing very competitive with low-cost suppliers from places like China.3.2 Case study 2 Airbus UK 3.2.1 Business ChallengeTo meet tight deadlines for delivery and reduce design and manufacturing costs by constantly improving working processes throughout the aircraft lifecycle.3.2.2 SolutionIBM has provided with a team of flexible and scalable experts which included strategic business consultants, aircraft industry specialists and project managers to define and implement transformation programs in business, financial and organizational disciplines.3.2.3 Business BenefitsImproved collaboration with suppliers eliminated data re-entry, saving 18 million on collaboration with suppliers.* Improved concurrent engineering reduced lead time on wing by 41 weeks (36% reduction).* The worlds first flight of largest passenger aircra ft completed on time.* Keeping Scheduled programming.* Innovative practices introduced from concurrent engineering and collaborative working.3.2.4 Why it matters?IBM team created new business, financial and organizational processes to meet the deadlines while cost cutting the design and manufacturing for the new Airbus A380. These changes has transformed the airplane manufacturing methodology while enabling Airbus UK to cut cost and time out of design and manufacture, improve collaboration with suppliers and deliver key components on schedule to ensure the A380 aircrafts on-time first flight.3.2.5 Key Components IBM Global Business ServicesIn developing the new technologies and pushing the boundaries of knowledge in the aerospace industry Airbus is leading the world. Airbus is an extremely complex business, which employs advanced technologies and procedures, some of which have mainly been developed for this project. In such a large-scale, modern design and manufacturing process, a l ot of attention is paid at keeping costs under control. Wing assembly is one of the most complex parts of the aircraft, an element for which Airbus UK has the design and manufacturing responsibility.The company realized early in the A380 program that new processes would be needed to achieve the aggressive timeline for the airplane. We needed to radically transform our approach to the A380, and saw value in bringing in an objective external consultancy to help define and implement new ways of working, says Iain Gray, Managing Director of Airbus UK. Nowhere is this more evident than in its design and development of the A380, the worlds largest passenger jet. Airbus is a highly complex business, employing advanced technologies and processes, some of which have specifically been developed for this project. In such a large-scale, innovative design and manufacturing operation, much attention is paid to keeping costs under control. Airbus UK commissioned IBM Global Business Services to bri ng together a team of experts to analyze designs, design processes and manufacturing operations. IBM is exclusively placed to give advice and help us transform Airbus UK, says Gray. It has enormous breadth and depth of knowledge, with expertise in business, financial and organizational disciplines as well as the aircraft industry and computer technology. The core IBM Global Business Services program team includes strategic business consultants, aircraft industry specialists and project managers. This team is expanded when ever required by drafting in specialists and consultants who bring a complete cross-section of business and technical skills relevant to the specific problem being addressed.3.2.6 Designing out costInitiatives from IBM Global Business Services help us drive cost out of design and manufacture, improve collaborative working, and transform the way we work with our many subcontractors, explains Gray. Improved collaboration with suppliers eliminated data re-entry, savin g 18 million. The IBM team has helped the Airbus UK improve the concurrent engineering, reducing lead time of the wing by 41 weeks (36 percent reduction).Sometimes, initiatives originated directly from the IBM team. Airbus built complete 3D models of A380 components to analyze clash conditions in airframe systems and structure before committing to cut metalfor example, to ensure that there were adequate clearances for slat and flap mechanisms on the wing and the landing gear. Such large-scale 3D modeling involves an enormous volume of number-crunching, which would normally trigger the purchase of large processors. Seeing this situation, IBM consultants introduced Airbus to the concept of GRID computing, which pools unutilized processing capacity in hundreds of distributed workstations for use with processor-intensive applications. A prototype was developed, and IBM then completed the implementation of GRID technology, there by saving Airbus a considerable investment.In the area of b usiness transformation, IBM Global Business Services is organizing an experienced team of human resource and organizational specialists to help Airbus UK transform from a development organization to one undertaking large-scale serial production.The key aspect in the success of the A380 program is educating several hundred people across Airbus UK and its many of the subcontractors in the new tools, processes and collaborative working. With an infinite pool of resources, IBM responded very rapidly to Airbus training needs, building and delivering of tailored courses that reflect the processes and technologies defined at the strategic level.3.3 Case Study 3 Maruti Udyog LtdMaruti Udyog Ltd., a subsidiary of Suzuki Moto Corporation of Japan, has been the leading Indian passenger car maker for about two decades. The company has a diverse portfolio that includes the Maruti 800the Omni a premium small car, Zen the international brands, Alto and WagonR an off-roader, Gypsy the mid-size Este em a luxury car, Baleno an MPV, Versa a premium subcompact car, Swift and a luxury SUV, Grand Vitara XL7. The companys 11 base platforms encompass300 variants for 100 export destinations. According to Marutis vision statement, its goals include maintaining leadership in the Indian automobile industry, creating customer delight, increasing shareholder wealth and being a pride of India. Customers have shown their approval, ranking Maruti high in customer satisfaction for six years in a row according to the J.D. Power Asia Pacific 2005 India Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) Study. The company has also ranked highest in the India Sales Satisfaction Study.3.3.1The need for PLMAmong the companys product development challenges, the need for shorter cycle times is always at the top. Management wants to be able to launch new models faster and reduce the time required for minor changes and development of product variants. Another challenge is co-development. Marutis goal is to collaborate cl osely with its global teams and suppliers on the development of new platforms and product freshening. Other challenges include streamlining the process of vehicle localization and enhancing quality and reliability. These challenges pointed directly to a product lifecycle management (PLM) solution with capabilities for information management, process management, knowledge capture and support for global collaboration a PLM solution directly addressing Marutis business challenges. For example, PLMs information management capabilities address the issue of the many plat forms, local variants and export destinations. Process management permits concurrent development and faster change management and provides a platform for other process improvements for faster vehicle development. Knowledge capture increases innovation and also reduces costs by increasing part re-use. PLMs collaboration capabilities permit global development by ensuring fast and accurate dissemination of product informati on.3.3.2. Implementation profileMaruti selected the UGS PLM software solution because UGS leverages the business value by offering complete PLM solution, according to C.V. Raman, general manager, Engineering Division, Maruti Udyog Ltd. Marutis PLM implementation includes Team centre, NX and Techno matrix software. Team centre provides a wide range of functionality for release management including bills of material management and change management. Team centre also handles the vehicle localization process, coordinates the part approval process and integrates design and engineering information with the companys ERP system. Team centre also provides