Existentialism in Kafkas Metamorphosis :: Metamorphosis essays

Existentialism in Kafkas Metamorphosis The book Metamorphosis, written by Franz Kafka, is based on the views of existentialism. whizz of these main views is alienation or estrangement which is demonstrated by Gregors relationship with his family, his social life, and the way he lives his life after the metamorphosis. Although Gregor doesnt realize it, the relationship betwixt him and his family is not true. Gregor is taking over his fathers responsibilities leaving nothing for Gregors father to be responsible for. At the same time, Gregor is making plans to send his sister to a good school, but he fails to discuss this idea with her. To make things worse, Gregor even goes as far as to lock his own bedroom doors at night. He thinks that his family is inwardness with what he is doing, but the only thing that Gregor accomplishes is to alienate himself from his family. Not only is Gregor alienating himself from his family, but he is also alienating himself from society. Gregor goes on many trips for his job, and sort of of going turn out to meet people, he stays at the motel and does nothing. For this reason Gregor doesnt have a friend or a girlfriend that he screwing find support in. He follows the same routine everyday of his life and fails to look ahead into the future. By secluding himself like this, Gregors life becomes like the life of a cockroach. It is for this reason that he transforms into this creature. Gregors life as a cockroach is no different than his life as a human. Whenever Gregor tries to communicate with someone, the only thing that comes out of his mouth are cockroach noises that scare his family, and his appearance causes his family to not want be around him. His sister tries to take care of him, but eventually she becomes grind of this never ending task and forgets about him. Gregor is once again alienated from his

Lost Innocence in The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas by John Boyne :: The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas, John Boyne

Evil can be glossed over by innocence but in the end subsumes it. This is vividly conveyed by John Boyne in The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas, a powerful narrative of lost innocence set in Nazi Germany.It every(prenominal) begins simply enough. Nine-year-old Bruno has to suddenly leave a familiar and devout home where he could slide five floors down on a delightful banister, and move with his parents and his twelve year old sister Gretel to a place called Out With, where Father was going to be doing a very important job. The Fury had dined with them the week before, and after that Brunos father was given a brand new assignment, and as Brunos mother told him, he would now have to wear a grander uniform than the whizz he had been wearing. So the family, with their entourage of staff and servants, leaves bustling Berlin. Sadly for Bruno, he has to in any case leave behind his three best friends, not to mention his beloved grandparents he has to move far away to a much smaller, sequ estered house with only Gretel (whom he thinks of as a Hopeless Case) for company. From his bedroom window, desirous Bruno can see groups of people in the distance, all in striped pyjamas moving about slowly behind a tall and endless electrify fence. And because Bruno loves exploring, he soon sets out to find out more, although when he had asked his father who the people in the striped pyjamas were, his father had said that they were not people. The language and complex body part of this novel, The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas by the Irish writer John Boyne, labelled as young adult fiction in early editions, is deceivingly simple. But this is definitely a book that adults must read it is a fable set in living history that will jolt readers of all ages.ParadoxicalWhile evil hiding among us is an ancient theme (as Agatha Christie once said), in this book evil is the base, glossed over by an innocence that is at one level redemptive, but at another level shocking. Bruno is the much l oved child of a Nazi Commandant but he is also an endearing little boy who adores his parents, is frustrated in typical sibling fashion with his pre-teen older sister, and in all aspects a solid little match curious, full of energy and also trusting and innocent in a manner that sometimes seems a bit paradoxical for someone as quick-witted as he is.

Ethnography - Inter-team Conflict with the Coach :: Ethnography

Ethnography - Inter-team Conflict with the CoachRecently, two strong soph players quit the varsity womens water polo team. They said that they were no longer having fun, one saying that the time commitment just was not worth it anymore, bit the other said that playing polo at Oxy was making her more and more unhappy. Earlier in the season, one of the players who was named first team All American and most valuable player of the National Tournament, also almost quit the team for good. Again, her reasoning was that the game was not fun for her anymore. She also expressed that she felt unappreciated by the jitney for her efforts at Nationals, as well as for her leadership on the team on a regular basis.These withdrawals reminded me of the last two years when I was on the team. I recall how frequently I would hear the other players express their discontent about being on the team. However, the problem did not lie in the team in itself, but rather in the coach and his ways. Interes tingly, although I was a member of the team, I truly was not aware of the problem at hand. I, above and beyond, was a novice player and almost never received anything but positive encouragement from the coach. It is important to realize that I had never played, or even seen, the game of water polo before coming to Oxy, and therefore learned a lot by coming to practice and watching and learning from the reminders and condemnation that the coach would give. Nevertheless, I did have a lot of experience swimming under various coachessome of whom where the meanest of the mean. It is for this reason that I felt that the other players were often being overly sensitive to the criticisms (which I viewed more often than not as constructive) that the coach would give. Of course, there would betimes that I felt that he would plump down on (or yell more at) certain players. But I believe that there are few coaches that specifically try to bring down honorable and cause players to hate th e game. Yet, despite the fact that the coach may not mean to bring down moral and cause players to hate the game, it seems he has through with(p) something to cause two, almost three, players that played in the National Championship tournament to quit the team.

Free Yellow Wallpaper Essays: Oppression of Women :: The Yellow Wallpaper Essays

The Oppression of Women in The Yellow Wallpaper                  The Yellow Wallpaper is a story, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman. Although the work is short, it is one of the most interesting deeds in existence. Gilman uses literary techniques very well. The symbolism of The Yellow Wallpaper, can be seen and employed after some thought and make sense immediately. The views and ideals of society argon often found in literary works. Whether the author is trying to show the ills of society of merely telling a story, culture is woven onto the words. The relationship amongst the fibber and her husband would be disagreeable to a modern womans relationship. Today, most women crave equality with their partner. The reader never learns the name of the narrator, perhaps to give the magic trick that she could be any woman. On the very fist page of The Yellow Wall-Paper, Gilman illustrates the male dominated society and relationsh ip. It was customary for men to assume that their gender knew what, when, how, and wherefore to do things. John, the narrators husband, is a prominent doctor and both his and his wifes words and actions reflect the aforementioned stereotype John laughs at me, of course, but one expects that in marriage, (9). This line illustrates the blatant sexism of society at the time. John does not believe that his wife is sick, while she is really suffering from post-partum depression. He neglects to listen to his wife in go through to her thoughts, feelings, and health through this thought pattern. According to him, there is not anything wrong with his wife except for temporary nerve issues, which should not be serious. By close her off from the rest of the world, he is taking her away from things that important to her mental state such as her ability to read and write, her postulate for human interaction, her need to make her own decisions. All of these are important to all people. This idea of forced rest and relaxation to cure temporary nervous problems was very joint at the time. Many doctors prescribed it for their female patients. The narrators husband, brother, and their colleagues all feel that this is the correct way to fix her problem, which is practically nonexistent in their eyes. Throughout the beginning of the story, the narrator tends to buy into the idea that the man is always right and makes excuses for her feelings and his actions and words It is so hard to talk to John about my case, because he is so wise and because he loves me so, (23).

The Death Penalty, Right or Wrong? Essay -- essays research papers

The Death Penalty, Right or Wrong?Fear of end discourages people from committing offensives. If capital punishment were carried out more it would prove to be the abhorrence preventative it was partly intended to be. Most criminals would think twice before committing murder if they knew their own lives were at stake. As it turns out though very fewer people are executed and so the death penalization is not a satisfactory hinderance. Use of the death penalty as intended by law could actually reduce the number of violent murders by eliminating some of the repeat offenders. More timely enforcement of the death penalty would help to reduce the crime problem by instilling a sense of respect for the law in that sentences are more than words on a page. The death penalty has always been and continues to be a very controversial issue. People on both sides of the issue argue endlessly to gain further support for their movements. period opponents of capital punishment are quick to point out that the United States remains one of the few Western countries that continue to support the death penalty. The deterrent effect of any punishment depends on how quickly the punishment is applied. Is making the prisoner suffer by being in jail for the rest of his biography is more torturous and inhumane than execution? Let us look at some of the methods of execution used in the past. Through the centuries people accommodate been stoned to death, boiled in oil, skinned alive, crucified, roasted over fires on iron beds, pulled apart with horses, had their heads cut off, been hanged, been drawn and quartered, sawn in half, and broken with a wheel. (Hickman, 2003, p. 174)dangling was the most widely used form of execution in the United States until the middle of the twentieth century. Other forms of execution used in America include the electric Death Penalty 4chair, the gas chamber and, the current method of choice, lethal injection. (Hickman, 2003, pgs. 175-176)There are curren tly 38 states that allow the death penalty. These are their methods of execution Electrocution Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Nebraska, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia.Firing Squad Idaho, Utah.Gas Chamber Arizona, California, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina.&n... ...hem just as clearly by taking their life. devil wrongs dont make a right. Killing two is no better than killing one. Is this a daily act in which we as a country would like to partake? Or is this something we are reluctant to do? Think about it. Do we want this or dont we? ar we murderers?Death Penalty 11ReferencesHickman, Tom 2003. Death A Users Guide. Westminster, MD Dell PublishingManderson, Desmond 1999. Courting Death The Legal disposition of Mortality. LondonPluto PressRadelet, Michael L 1995. Post-Furman Botched Executions. http//sun.soci.niu.edu/critcrim/dp/dppapers/mike2Capital Punishment 2001 (Retrieved October 4, 2004) http//www.ojpusdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/cp01.htmDem ographics of the Death Penalty 1996http//sun.soci.niu.edu/critcrim/dp/states.using.txtThe Death Penalty Is not a Deterrent (Retrieved October 7, 2004)http//www.amnestyusa.org/abolishh/deterrence.htmlA Declaration of Life (Retrieved October 7, 2004)http//www.quaker.org/declaration-of-life.html

The Death Penalty, Right or Wrong? Essay -- essays research papers

The Death penalty, Right or Wrong?Fear of finish discourages population from committing crimes. If capital punishment were carried out more it would prove to be the crime preventative it was partly mean to be. Most criminals would think twice before committing murder if they knew their own lives were at stake. As it turns out though real few people are executed and so the finis penalty is not a satisfactory deterrent. Use of the death penalty as intended by law could actually issue the number of violent murders by eliminating some of the repeat offenders. More timely enforcement of the death penalty would help to reduce the crime problem by instilling a sense of respect for the law in that sentences are more than words on a page. The death penalty has always been and continues to be a very controversial issue. People on both sides of the issue argue endlessly to gain further live for their movements. While opponents of capital punishment are quick to point out that the Unite d States remains one of the few Western countries that continue to support the death penalty. The deterrent effect of any punishment depends on how quickly the punishment is applied. Is making the prisoner suffer by being in jail for the comfort of his life is more torturous and inhumane than execution? Let us look at some of the methods of execution used in the past. Through the centuries people have been stoned to death, boiled in oil, skinned alive, crucified, roasted over fires on iron beds, pulled apart with horses, had their heads cut off, been hanged, been drawn and quartered, sawn in half, and broken with a wheel. (Hickman, 2003, p. 174)Hanging was the most widely used form of execution in the United States until the middle of the twentieth century. Other forms of execution used in the States include the electric Death Penalty 4chair, the gas chamber and, the current method of choice, lethal injection. (Hickman, 2003, pgs. 175-176)There are currently 38 states that bring h ome the bacon the death penalty. These are their methods of execution Electrocution Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Nebraska, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia.Firing Squad Idaho, Utah.Gas Chamber Arizona, California, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina.&n... ...hem just as clearly by winning their life. Two wrongs dont make a right. Killing two is no better than killing one. Is this a daily act in which we as a country would like to partake? Or is this something we are reluctant to do? Think about it. Do we want this or dont we? Are we murderers?Death Penalty 11ReferencesHickman, Tom 2003. Death A Users Guide. Westminster, MD Dell PublishingManderson, Desmond 1999. Courting Death The effectual Constitution of Mortality. LondonPluto PressRadelet, Michael L 1995. Post-Furman Botched Executions. http//sun.soci.niu.edu/critcrim/dp/dppapers/mike2Capital Punishment 2001 (Retrieved October 4, 2004) http//www.ojpusdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/cp01.htmDemographi cs of the Death Penalty 1996http//sun.soci.niu.edu/critcrim/dp/states.using.txtThe Death Penalty Is Not a Deterrent (Retrieved October 7, 2004)http//www.amnestyusa.org/abolishh/deterrence.htmlA Declaration of Life (Retrieved October 7, 2004)http//www.quaker.org/declaration-of-life.html

Qatar

Known as the State of Qatar or locally Dawlat Qa?ar, is an Arab emirate, in the Middle East, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly brim of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. Its sole land border is with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian disconnectedness. A strait of the Gulf separates Qatar from the nearby island state of Bahrain. Qatar has been ruled as an absolute monarchy by the al-Thani family since the mid-19th century.Formerly a British protectorate noted mainly for pearling, it became independent in 1971, and has occasion one of the regions wealthiest states due to its enormous oil and natural gas revenues. In 1995, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani became Emir when he seized power from his father, Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, in a peaceful coup detat. 7 The most important positions in Qatar are held by the members of the al-Thani family, or close confidants of the al- Thani family. Beginning in 1992, Qatar has built intimate soldiery ties with the United States, and is now the location of U.S. Central Commands Forward Headquarters and the Combined Air Operations Center. Qatar has the worlds largest per capita production and proven reserves of two oil and natural gas. In 2010, Qatar had the worlds highest GDP per capita, while the economy grew by 19. 40%, the fastest in the world. The main drivers for this rapid growth are attributed to current increases in production and exportations of liquefied natural gas, oil, petrochemicals and related industries. Qatar has the highest human development in the Arab World after the United Arab Emirates.In 2009, Qatar was the United States fifth largest export market in the Middle East, trailing behind the U. A. E. , Israel, Saudi Arabia and Egypt. With a small citizen population of less than 300,000 people, Qatar relies heavily on foreign citizens, both for its justification and generating labor demand. Qatar has attracted an estimated $100 b illion in investment, with approximately $6070 billion coming from the U. S in the energy sector. It is estimated that Qatar will invest over $120 billion in the energy sector in the next ten years

Promotion Strategy Fitness Nestle

Nestle Promotion Strategy. Writing 1 Casestudy February 7, 2010 Nestle constitutes the bigger corporation in the field of search and technology of foods. Her yearbook investment in Research and Growth is the biggest of the branch while her personnel in this sector exceeds the 3. 000 concourse.The Nestle Research Centre in Lausanne, where is carried out the basic research, is recognized globally as one of the leading centres of researches in his type with above 300 publications in valid scientific publications to each one year. The main activity of Group Nestle, which constitutes the bigger enterprise of foodstuffs worldwide, is focused in the sector the general and special human diet.Even if initially her work was establish on the milk and the special products of diet for children, many still products were added in her activities with the byway of years, such as chocolates and (CRUNCH, CAILLER, KIT KAT, AFTER EIGHT, SMARTIES etc), coffee (NESCAFE, etc), drinks (NESTEA, NESQUIK e tc), cooking products (soups, broths and shove MAGGI, pastas BUITONI, tins LIBBYS etc), products of refrigerator (yoghurt CHAMBOURCY, ice-creams NESTLE, MOTTA and CAMY, desserts etc), natural metal water (PERRIER, VITTEL, SAN PELLEGRINO etc), frozen products (LEAN CUISINE) and products of cerials (FITNESS, CLUSTERS, CHEERIOS etc).Also,in our days NESTLE is lay downn action in the sector of products of diet of small domestic animals (FRISKIES, GOURMET, FELIX etc), as in the sectors of ophthalmologic (ALCON, OPTI FREE etc), dermatological pharmaceutical and cosmetic products (NUTRADERM, BENZAC etc). In Greece, Nestle has presence above 100 years and constitutes today one from the bigger industrial companies of foods and drinks. The group Nestle in Greece is today constituted by the companies NESTLE GREECE S. A, NESTLE GREECE ICE-CREAMS S. A, GROUP of CERIALS GREECE. and ALCON INTERNATIONAL GREECE LTD, has appendly in 4 factories and occupies in total 1350 people.For the 2006 it re alised turnover of 460,6 millions of Euros, with profits above 70 millions of Euros. Chairman and Directing Adviser of Group in Greece is Mr Evangelos Kaloysis which, then long- oddmenting international military value in the maximum levels of Nestle, undertook also the responsibility of wider region of South-eastern Europe that includes the emerging commercializes of Albania, Bulgaria and FYROM, as well as Cyprus. It should be marked that the bigger percentage of yearly turnover of Group in our country makes from products of factories of Greece.In this assignment we examine and analyze the promotion strategy for the product of Nestle which is named physical fitness nestle and it is breakfast cereals mainly for women. The fitness product is the best for women line. Fitness breakfast cereal helps women manage their line in a sensible way. Fitness helps women not wholly take off weight but also keep it off as it is made with delicious whole grain flakes. Research shows that women who eat more(prenominal) wholegrain tend to weigh less and be less likely to gain weight over time. Fitness also contains essential vitamins and minerals.Analytically the ingredients for the product are Kelloggs Special K Cereal (51%) (Rice, Wheat Wholewheat, Wheat Flour, Sugar, Wheat Gluten, Defatted Wheatgerm, Dried Skimmed Milk, Salt, Barley Malt Flavouring, Vitamin C, Niacin, Iron, Vitamin B6, Riboflavin (B2), Thiamin (B1), Folic Acid, Vitamin B12), Glucose Syrup, umber Pieces (11%) (Cocoa Mass, Sugar, Emulsifier Soy Lecithin), Fructose, Dextrose, Sugar, Humectant (Sorbitol, Glycerol), Vegetable Oil, Emulsifier (Soy Lecithin), Antioxidant (E320). First of all it lead be delimit the target audience.Geographically the whole region of Greece will be in target. everyplace in Greece exists a supermarket which offers Nestle Fitness product line must be patch of the target. In conclusion geographically there are no limits. Thus , all city sizes will be concluded. In order to be m ore specific for the target audience will be defined the demographic characteristics. Firstly both gender potentiometer use the product, but mainly women are the potential and major consumers, thus women will be focused. Fitness product line is addressed to individuals from 18 to 37 years old.Family status for these individuals is young, single, young married with no children and young divorced. Income segment target is = 10000 annual salary. Demographically exist no other constraints. Phychographically the target will consist individuals with lice style status upon the general average and their personality will be characterized as determined and selfish. Behaviouristic the target audience will be strong loyal , heavy and regular users, and their market factor sensitivity is more advertising. The promotion strategy will be planned only for a part of the product line of fitness, which need a push.Fitness bars is a line of 7 different flavours. Each flavour has a unique taste but co mmon scope. The price of one package is 2. 57 euros and contains 6 bars. The main competitor is kellogs, which sales the same package in different flavours 2,61 euros. In order to gain a competitive advantage and gain a bigger market share Nestle will apply specific strategy to the promotion. In the spectrum of promotion strategy, this method contains different types of energies. First of all the action , which will take place into the place a consumer can purchase the product.Mostly this point will be in supermarkets or other types of stores where Fitnees bars are sold. A hard-paper stand will be set at the 300 biggest supermarkets. That stand will announce to the potential customer the special offer of the product. That offer will be a 0,30 euros discount and a membership to a contest. The action should represent AIDAs principles. Attention, Interest, Desire, Action. Attention will be paid by the long suit of the stand. Stand will be constructed like a huge Fitness bar with hori zontal sleeves and attractive colours.The basic colour for the background will be yellow, because has high impact to catch consumers eye particularly when used with black. After, the board will be in green, because this colour is a symbol of health and cheekiness and popular for mini products. Inside the packing will be concluded a coupon, in which the purchaser will have the possibility to take part to a contest with a winning prize of free annual membership fee in a popular gym. For this action the costs are 5000 euros for coupon production, 25000 euros for the stands and no cost for the gym because of a deal.The second part of the promotion strategy, which will follow after the 20 days length of the initial action is to promote the fitness bar product line to potential consumers through scientific dietician and nutritionist persons. In Greece exist around 1. 000 people with the previous characteristics. The action will be focused only to the top 150. These persons will be suppl ied with promotion material, which will explain in scientific toll product healthy characteristics. More specific, Nestle will provide material, which will illustrate the whole product line of the bars and give them as a present posts with a subject from the health world.In addition 10 packages of the product will be send to these persons. The costs of these are 1500 euros for the material, 3000 for the posts. Finally the last action of the promotion strategy is to approach the 100 biggest gyms around Greece and offer them the range of the bar product with the effectiveness of 50% discount. In that way, Nestle makes devil goals. First net sales, even with a good discount and secondly a presentation of the product into the place where the target audience mostly can be found. Totally the costs of these promotion actions will be around 35000 euros. According the desired sales results, costs sound tiny.Desired results are a market share boost of 5% for the next 6 months and an estimat ed 6% sales growth for the next year. References NestleWatch. org. NestleWatch. org. http//www. nestlewatch. org. Retrieved 2010-01-08. FoodAndDrinkEurope. com. FoodAndDrinkEurope. com. 2007-12-05. http//www. foodanddrinkeurope. com/news/ng. asp? n=81829-nestle-vivartia-milk-prices. Retrieved 2010-01-08. Nestle undermentioned the Customers Tracks with Google Analytics. Google Analytics. Archived from the original on 2007-02-20. http//web. archive. org/web/20070220225956/http//www. google. com/analytics/case_study_nestle. html. Retrieved 2007-02-21

Communication Technology in the 21st Century Essay

In 21st century that we live in, communication discharge be done in many different shipway other than conventional speaking right in front of each other. The reason for that is because of the existence of communication applied science and the wide interest in this technology from commonwealth almost the world. Communication technology is better as we speak and to a greater extent important sector is depending on it to gain benefits such as lineage and politics. Communication technology includes telephone, radio, television, internet, and mixer media.Communication Technology force on public and private life Communication Technology has a profound impact on both public and private life. In public life communication technology serve to a greater extent advantages than disadvantages. We brush aside find friends through social media or online game sites, we can stock-still find suitable partner through dating sites. The disadvantages atomic number 18 that people can provide f alse knowledge and exploit the advantages of social media on people public life and cause misunderstanding, loss of properties or sometimes even lives.In private life, the disadvantages are more than the advantages. The advantages are that we can communicate and stay connected with our family or friends online, but it is also easy for hackers to access our in-person profile online. Many cases have been inform that such incidents do frequently happen. For warning, taken from a website Gang Used Social Media Sites to Identify Potential Victims (Teen Prostitution 2012). Our private lives are easily exploit through the advancement of Communication Technologies too.Development of Communication and Information Technology Communication technology helps us in many ways. Communication Technology can broadcast learning to a wide range of people around the world in a short period of time, this is very useful for advertisements, transfer important messages to wide range of audiences and updating citizens of current news. Communication nowadays can even be accessible from anywhere as long as the plait can connect to the internet and there is internet coverage in that area.Part of the advancement of communication technology is credited to the invention of Smartphone in the market that makes it easier to access and connected to different types Communication Technologies. Social media has became the most popular and most effective aspect of communication technology, the reason being users around the world can communicate with each other anywhere and anytime they are on the internet. Social media became the most used communication technology in relation to television, radio, and conventional telephone.Advertisement companies and even political figures around the world use social media network to convey their message. As shown in a video online, radio took 38 years to reach a market audience of 50 million, television took 13 years, internet took 4 years, Ipod took 3 ye ars and social media giant-Face hold took only when 2 years. (Did You Know 3. 0 2012) This proves that communication technology is improving over the years and is an important way of broadcasting information.Communication Technology has been improving and developing since the first television was born, many ideas and suggestion of what the future will look like with the continuous development on communication technology. Avery interesting ex capacious of the advancement on communication technology is a device called Sixth Sense technology. Sixth Sense is a wearable gestural interface device by Pranav Mistry, a PhD candidate in the Fluid Interfaces Group at the MIT Media Lab. Sixth Sense 2010) This technology shows that technology can be more interactive with human and someday we will not have to wear or bring many different types of devices such as hand phone, watch, I Pad, IPod, but one device can provide information from all the devices we have now combined and so much more. Adv antages and Disadvantages of Communication Technology As mentioned above, Communication Technology provides advantage and disadvantages to our society.The advantages of communication technology are none other than the reason communication technology are being invented for, to let people around the world to communicate freely to each other, but now communication technology can share even more things such as photos, videos, and even organize events with people we did not know before. But with the nature of communication technology to be free and open to everyone, some people scarper to misuse communication technology for personal gain and interest by affecting other people.Besides addiction, the issue of communication technology these days are users around the world did not use the provided communication technology smartly. Users of communication technology should be aware and educated about the dos and donts using communication technology such as social media. There have been cases where people post their social number or even bank account carelessly on their social media that attracts the idea of exploiting the advantages of communication technology. Some users that post all kinds of photos on their social media also provide ample of information to the public and easily can be targeted by culprits.Legislation concerning Communication Technology To protect the people of their country, governments around the world have do health, safety and communications legislations. In Ireland, Data Protection Act 1988 has been produced and was amendment by Data Protection (Amendment) Act 2003. This act is to provide security when important personal information is given to an organization or individual to a person. The aim of these rights is to help you to make sure that the information stored about you is factually correct only available to those who should have it only used for stated purposes. Data Protection Commissioner) Freedom of Information Act 1997 have also been p roduced in Ireland and amended by the Freedom of Information Act (Amendment) 2003. The Freedom of Information Act establishes the following statutory rights A legal right for each person to access information held by public bodies and government departments.A legal right for each person to have official information relating to himself/herself amended where it is incomplete, incorrect or lead A legal right to obtain reasons for decisions affecting himself/ herself. Freedom of information in Ireland) In summary, communication technology provides advantages and disadvantages and without a doubt have a huge impact on society and the future. Communication technology can be said to be the invention of the century because of the changes it make to the human race, it can be said to be the line that distinguish between the era of information technology in comparison to the last era. Communication technology provides an cleverness to our future and will continue to bring benefit to our soci ety provided we keep in mind of how to use communication technology efficiently.

Grade 10 History Notes Essay

The Canadians had to take over the ridge which was located on the Douai plain, in France, and was in control by the Germans * To take over the wax it was split into 5 parts * This was the high point of Canadian military * The use of creeping barrage allowed the ridge to be taken over speedily * The battle was short * Years later they made a memorial to commemorate the 11,000+ soldiers who died at Vimy ridge. The Halifax Explosion * This took place when two ships that had explosive materials aboard, they collided while force out of the port * This explosion ruined about 1. km of land mass * Left more Canadians dead or blind * Damaged the sparing * Later months when the war ended, the port was not ready to take ships which was also a factor that delayed the soldiers from returning Life in the Trenches * Horrible, the trenches were fil direct with rats and lice * Soldiers were incessantly cold, soaking wet, and hungry * Trenches were uneven and intricate * Soldiers were really me ssed up by the life in the trenches. The content gunfire caused soldiers to develop a mental unhealthiness known as shell shock * They could develop trench foot which was the rotting and swelling of flesh Women and World War One * Men that left field for the war, left families and jobs behind * Women took the jobs of the men because they needed to provide for a family * Other women were war nurses * Without the women urging the war years, the factory industry would have died. Sparked the feminist fecal matter * Women thrived in fields such as journalism, social work and nutrition * A short term cause of valet war one include Archduke Franz Ferdinands trip to Sarajevo * Britain, France, Canada and Russia were all members of the triple entente * Contributing factors to the failure of the schlieffen plan areRussia mobilized more swiftly than expected, the British sent their army to France to oppose the channel ports, the Belgian forces put up much strong resistance than expected, a nd the French were able to gather reinforcements in the time to prevent Paris from move * In 1914, many people felt that the great war would all be over by Christmas * Both sides on the western front construct trenches to protect themselves from attack, to prepare for counterattack, to provide safe communications for supply lines, and to prevent being outmanoeuvred by the enemy * Most Canadians were happy to be involved with WW1 because many Canadians had been born in Britain or were British descent * Dreadnoughts was not a technological advance that caused horrific causalities * The only important naval battle of world war one was the battle of Jutland * Lord Kitchener was an important British general * Income tax was introduced by prime minister burdens government as a temporary measure to help pay for the huge costs of war * The Zimmerman telegram, the sinking of the Lusitania in 1915,and German unrestricted submarine warfare were all reasons for the regular army joining the w ar in 1917 * Mata Hari was a double agent in WW1 for Germany and French * The Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919 One of the clauses of the treaty of Versailles mention reparations which was a means of payment for land destruction *A positive outcome of the technology developed during the great war was the use of gas to kill unwished-for predatory animals * Poland, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia and irag were countries made by the treaty of Versailles * The Canadian government delayed the return of their soldiers until spring 1919 because of the winter weather, Canadians troops helped to occupy parts of Germany, and limited add of ships at the time. * After war measures included income tax, department of health and pensions for the returning soldiers Unit Two Canada and the 1920s + 1930s Term Definition Significance Flapper A young fashionable women * Brought new styles (bob haircuts, above the knee dresses) * They pushed the boundaries by staying out late , smoking and swearing. These women helped with the feminism movement during this time Group of seven A group of Canadian painters * Inspired later Canadian artists such as Emily Carr * These artists painted Canadian Landscape, and now are very famous now, to own a painting is to own a part of Canadian history Roaring Twenties A time of prosperity for Canada * Feminism movement allowed women to vote and led to later movements in the 1960s * Music, dances and slang words led to the quick development of agriculture * Everyone was niave in a sense that they believed the amazing prosperity of the twenties could last forever, it all came to a crashing end when the great depression began in the late 1920s Prohibition The ban of alcohol in a reliable country or city.

Kaiser Wilhelm II and The First World War Essay

The British postal card illustrates Kaiser Wilhelm II in a bath, where he is about to grab a bar of soap labelled atomic number 63, with a caption quoting He wont be happy till he gets it. This suggests he is willing to use force to capture Europe. Wilhelm is wearing away a military helmet and has a greedy expression on his face, which gives us the impression he is willing to fight for what he wants.Sources B and C both(prenominal) differ, but both of them agree that Wilhelms attitude towards the war was very violent. In source B, Wilhelms speech seems to be taken over by his emotions anger, aggression, passion and lots of determination. He refers to certain phrases such as take no prisoners, must be destroyed and ruthless violence. Words such as these show us that he wants trouble. However in source C, there is more talk of placidity. It seems to be a more subdued and more profound speech. I was always a supporter of peace. But then he goes on to say how peace has its limits. An d he can no longer moreover look on, but must draw the sword This giving the final conclusion that Kaisers attitude towards the war has not changed since 1900 although he has become more diplomatic.This postcard may be biased, as the British whom were about to go to war with him produced it. Britain wanted to picture him in as much negative light as possible, therefore this postcard might not be truthful. But using my own knowledge, I know that Kaiser Wilhelm II was an aggressive man who came from an aggressive acres and to control Europe was his sole ambition. Also, Britain was aware of Wilhelms objectives and to some extent holds him responsible for the Moroccan Crises. They therefore attain a good priming to portray him in this way.The Kaiser was a warmonger and caused the corking War. The evidence given in the sources supports this statement and also disagrees with it. Source A clearly supports this view. The cartoon shows Wilhelm greedily snatching Europe, on with the wa r helmet, which indicates war. Source B backs this statement too. There is no sign of peaceful man in his speech. In this he says he wants Germans to acquire a similar reputation as Attilas Huns did in the fifth century. Attila was the King of the German tribe the Huns who ravaged Eastern Europe. But there is talk of peace in his later speech (1913), although this hopeful thought is dampened by the indications of war Must draw the sword. However, using my own knowledge I know that the Great War was not only the fault of Wilhelms, there was many other reasons.In my opinion, rivalries were the main factor, which brought about the First World War. Without rivalries, no one would piddle a cause to start a war. There were many rivalries Britain and Germany France and Germany Austria-Hungary and Russia and Serbia and Austria. These rivalries helped to cause war between the powers of Europe because they all wanted to fight for one reason or another. Another factor was alliances. With alli ances, everyone was dragged into war, whether they liked it or not. In this case, it couldnt be avoided. And lastly, the assassination of Franz Ferdinand was the catalyst. This gave Austria a perfect opportunity to declare war on Serbia. With this, Austria and Serbia were at war along with their allies. It caused great destruction as most countries were involved. This is proof that the Kaiser did not cause the Great War, as you need two countries to have a war. Cause the war he did not, but a warmonger he may be.

Euthanasia: Death and Medical Staff

A dying man needs to die, as a asleep(predicate) man needs to sleep, and there comes a time when it is wrong, as well as useless to resist. -Steward Alsop, Stay of ExecutionThough no one has a choice in their own birth, should we be entitled to a choice when it comes to our death? Therefore, what is Euthanasia? Euthanasia refers to the practice of intentionally ending a biography in coif to relieve pain and suffering sometimes called mercy killing. Euthanasia has been one of the well-nigh controversial issues in the medical field.As of today, Euthanasia is only legal in three countries namely Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg and illegal in all countries remaining. Though it is illegal here in the Philippines, the researcher brought this topic out of curiosity with the issue.Why the researcher chose this topic The researcher chose this topic to gain and give knowledge on Euthanasia to give enlightenment to people whether to accept or to oppose Euthanasia.Statement of the probl emThis ingest entitled Perception of selected medical supply on Euthanasia, will give enlightenment to the certain questions that arise 1. What is Euthanasia? 2. What are the perceptions of selected medical staff on Euthanasia? 3. A right to life or a right to die?Significance of the studyThe significance of this study is to give enlightenment to the avocation peopleRespondents. Upon or during answering the questionnaire, they themselveswill ponder on the issue at hand. Students. Since euthanasia may seem to be an unfamiliar word to most of the students, this study will impart them knowledge about euthanasia. Administration. This study will both impart them more knowledge and also let them ponder on their own thoughts about euthanasia. Citizens. As a whole, they will be gaining more insight and understanding on the issues from euthanasia.Scope and delimitationThis study will only cover the lord medical opinion of doctors, and anyone in the medical field, and also the opinions of the society on Euthanasia. Definition of terms Euthanasia the practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering.

Nigeria Oil Crisis Essay

Fariha Ahsan, period 5 This article displays a vivid picture for us about the conditions in Nigeria due to the oil reserves. Though Nigeria contained the potential to filter and become a wealthy oil nation, leaving the cocoon of poverty encompassing Africa- it became trapped in a lot of corrupt dealings. Today, the Niger Delta in Nigeria has caught the fear of world wide humanitarian and environmental activists. The article states how in the past, the corrupt government ruling Nigeria was funded by Western governments and large oil corporations.Together, the group redeem benefited from the fossil fuels that are in abundant supply in the delta region. However, the mines are not the only things that are in this area, there are people of the Niger Delta who consume been acerbly affected for decades due to this illegal mining. The Ogoni, Ijaw and other minority groups of the Niger Delta have been stripped away of their environment and basic human rights. Their non-violent protests have been ignored and harshly cracked down by the money-hungry government.For example, during one non violent protest, Shell paid several community members to break off the protesting group. The Human Rights Watch has sided with the people of the delta, as it is clearly visible how the oil mining has ruined the area. The oil corporations have destroyed the chances of neighboring communities and minorities to form. Money to control the environmental pollution has been insufficient, causing extremely- harsh living condition with scarce drinking water, and abundance of malnourishment and disease.The oil mining has destroyed the land of the Nigerian Delta as well as the homes of umpteen living there. After the delta started receiving world wide attention some change has begun to start, but the previous government has left behind much chaos. It is reported that in the last decade, the military took control of the regions people, burned homes and killed masses of civilians. The present g overnment has attempted on being more democratic and open, so change is still underway.

Cat in the Rain – Woman the Inequality

CHAPTER TWO SEMANTICS AND STRUCTURE OF VERBAL PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS The subject matter of our graduation paper is semantics and structure of vocal phraseological units . The face oral communication communi throw offion is extremely rich in vocal phraseological units due to their grammatical features and the diversity of their geomorphologic pillowcases. It is be intimaten that the verb is endowed with the ri federal agency grammatical categories in the system of the fo chthonics of destination. The same grammatical features pass from the verb to communicative stresss. Becoming a comp nonp beilnt of an emphasis, the verb endows its idiom with its grammatical and functional characteristic features.The classification system of phraseological units suggested by Professor A. V. Koonin is the latest forbiddenstanding achievement in the Russian theory of phraseology. The classification is found on the combined structural semantic dogma and it withal con postrs the quotient of st might of phraseological units ( ?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. , , 2008 ). Phraseological units atomic chip 18 sub change integrity into the next four classes jibe to their function in communication driven by their structural semantic characteristics. 1.Nominative phraseological units argon represented by youngsworthiness assemblys, including the peerless(prenominal)s with unitary con fountringful devise, and coordinative phrases of the type wear and tear. The prototypic class besides intromits account book- groups with a predicative structure, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the prevail flies, and, also, predicative phrases of the type see how the land lies, ships that pass in the night. 2. Nominative communicative phraseological units include explicate- groups of the type to break the markpatch the ice is broken, vocal news program- groups which atomic number 18 transform into a sentence when the verb is apply in the Passive Voice. 3.Phraseological units which argon neither nominative nor communicative include interjectional discussion- groups. 4. Communicative phraseological units be represented by pr e in truth(prenominal)wherebs and presupposeings. Thus, communicatory idioms proceed to the class of nominative and nominative communicative phraseological units, due to the fact that some of them ar intelligence gangs, patch some others dirty dog be both phrase combinations and sentences. Word- groups whitethorn be gener al unmatchabley describe through the pattern of arrangement of the constituent members. The term syntactic structure implies the description of the assemble and arrangement of member de perishry as parts of speech.We whitethorn, for instance, describe the script group as make up of an Adjective and a Noun ( clever man, red crown, and so on ), a Verb a Noun ( add books, build houses , and so on ) , or a Noun, a Preposition and a Noun ( a par nutrition backside in of colour, a mat ter of sizeableness, etc. ). The syntactic structure of the nominal groups clever man and red flower whitethorn be represented as A+ N, that of the vocal groups take books and build houses as V+ N. These formulas can be apply to describe all the executable structures of incline word groups. We can say , e. . , that the vocal groups comprise the following structural formulas V+N ( to build houses), V+ prp +N ( to af self-colored on individual ), V+ N+ prp +N (to conduct something against somebody ), V+N+V ( to falsify somebody work), V+V (to bond to cut ). The structure of word-groups may be also described in relation to the strait word, e. g. the structure of the same verbal groups ( to build houses, to rely on somebody ) is represented as to build +N, to rely +on +N. In this case it is usual to blab of the patterns of word groups save non of formulas.The term pattern implies that we are disquisition of the structure of the word group in which a given wor d is employ as its school principal. The interdependence of the pattern and importee of head spoken communication can be easily perceived by comparing word groups of divers(prenominal) patterns in which the same head-word is apply. For good modeling, in verbal groups the head word mean is semantically diametrical in the patterns mean +iV ( mean something ) and mean + V ( inf. ) ( mean to do something). Three patterns with the verb nark as the head word represent three contrary moments of this verb, e. g. spawn +N ( get a letter, information, m matchlessy, etc. , get +to +N( get to London, to the Institute, etc. ) , get + N+V (inf. ) (get somebody to come, to do the work ). Broadly give tongue toing we may conclude that as a rule the difference in the core of the head word is conditi geniusd by a difference in the pattern of the word group in which this word is utilise. In the same elan as we speak of word patterns, the structure of phraseological units is also based on certain patterns. We are going to focus on verbal phraseological units which compared to free word groups discussed above catch structural constancy, semantic unity and figurativeness.The structure of the English phraseological units is more than(prenominal) than more variegated. Within English verbal idioms the following syntactical relations are observed 1. Verb + direct object 1) To beat the stemma to do nonhing 2) To c bosom the whip Coll. To use mavins power or influence over other people in a vigorous or severe manner be in control 3) To ride the storm to control or deal with a proportion of pateacious bother or violence 4) To bell the cat Coll, rather old- fash . To take a risk or do something that is dangerous, esp. for the strong of others 5) To give the chop Coll. To dismiss mortal from his job to destroy a plan, idea 2.Verb + prepositional object 1) To clutch at a straw Coll. To be willing to interpret anything to get forbidden of a danger ous, difficult situation 2) To strain at a gnat non fml. To trouble unityself virtually a matter of no importance 3) To cut with a knife not fml. To be able to conceptualisation the emotions and opinions of the people in a room, esp. when these are unpleasant 4) To play with fire non fml. To take risks, esp. when these are foolish and unnecessary 5) To fall on deaf ears to be or confront unnoticed or disregarded 3. Verb + direct object + prepositional object 1) To kill two birds with genius st unitary to follow up two purposes with unrivalled action ) To victuals the wolf from the door Coll. Often humor. To pr matter hunger 3) To cat the kibosh on Coll. To spoil or prevent a plan from happening or organism successful 4) To get a kick from Coll. To get a wait oninging of plea sure, excitement, or wonderment from 5) To get superstars books on Not fml. To get restrain of something or somebody violently seize 4. Verb + indirect object + direct object 1) To giv e his head Not fml. To allow some ane do what he pauperisms 2) To give her the gun Coll. To addition speed when operate a vehicle, esp. a auto 3) To register a clean pair of heels Not fml. To run outside(a) as fast as possible from some unrivaled or something ) To do justice to show the true value of a psyche or thing treat a mortal or thing as he /it deserves 5. Verb + adverb 1) To disinfect under the carpet Not fml. To hide or forget something shameful, unpleasant 2) To drive into a boxful Not fml. To put a person into a difficult or awkward situation 3) To pitch bulge out the gauntlet to invite some angiotensin-converting enzyme to fight, argue, defend himself or his opinions 4) To sit on wizards buy the farawayms Not fml. To do nothing be inactive 6. Verb + object + adverb 1) To build castles in the air to deem dreams, hopes, or desires that are un carely to shape reality ) To consent a finger in e truly pie Not fml. To be concerned in some way with a large mo of different plans, arrangements at the same time 3) To keep 1s finger on the metre Coll. To know exactly what is happening in an organization, society, etc. 4) To begin star foot in the labored Coll, often humor. To be genuinely old or ill be near death 5) To have a frog in enthusiasticshots throat Not fml. To be unable to speak clearly because integrity pick outs to cough or has a sore throat From the point of envision of their grammatical structure verbal idioms are divided into the following groups ) To be functioning as a link verb and the whole unit expresses state, e. g 1) To be on a congenial footing with somebody to behave towards or deal with each other in a friendly way 2) To be the tops Coll. To be the best of cardinals kind be of rattling high character reference 3) To be amidst the devil and the deep sea having two possible courses of action open to star, both of which are dangerous, unpleasant 4) To be one jump ahead of Not fml. To f oresee what a person is the alike(p)s ofly to do next or what is round to happen and be prepared for it to keep sparingly ahead of something 5) To be at loggerheads to disagree or contention with someoneIdioms beginning with the verb to have also belong here, e. g 1) To have someones blood on ones hands to be responsible for someones death 2) To have on ones brain Not fml. To be continuously thinking or forebodinging about something 3) To have a maggot in ones brain Coll. rare. To have strange ideas or desires 4) To have stir up fingers Not fml. To have an ability or a tendency to steal things 5) To have a brain like a extend Not fml. To be unable to believe things correctly or keep information in ones mind b) Idioms beginning with other notional verbs and the whole unit expresses action, e. g ) To gain body politic to advance, gear up ramp up become more authoritative or powerful 2) To lead a entranced flavor Not fml. To have continuous good fortune in avoiding accidents or harm 3) To fringe the hay Coll, To lie down to sleep go to bed 4) To make a clean meet of smth. Not fml. To subscribe to something Verbal phraseological units may be classified in accordance with their structure into a) unity summit phraseological units They are composed of a notional and a form word , and have one semantic centre , such as 1) To conduct for it Coll. To behave in a way that causes trouble, anger, etc. , esp. hat causes some other person to be violent 2) To come it over Coll. To show by ones behavior that one believes oneself to be better than someone 3) To have it in for Coll. To be determined to cause harm or injury to a person, organization, etc. 4) To jump to it Coll. To show immediate and fast willingness, e. g. to obey an order or request b) more summit phraseological units They are composed of two or more notional lyric and form words ,and have two or more semantic centres , such as 1) To take the bull by the horns Coll. To de al with something difficult boldly or without hinder 2) To ill the jack that laid the golden eggs to destroy the chief cause of ones profit or success 3) To know on which side ones bread is savetered Coll. To know what to do in order to be liked or approved of by the people in power 4) To have a millstone round ones sleep together to cause much and continuous trouble to someone 5) To get hold of the price end of the stick Coll. To mis bring in something on the whole Academician V. V. Vinogradov spoke of the semantic alternate in phraseological units as a means resulting from a amusing chemical combination of words.This seems a very apt coincidence because in both cases between which the parallel is drawn an entirely new quality comes into hold upence ( ?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. , , 2008 ). The factors accounting for semantic changes may be subdivided into two groups Linguistic and Extra- linguistic causes . By extra linguistic causes we mean various changes in the life of speech community, changes in economic and social structure, changes of ideas, scientific concepts, way of life and other spheres of world activities as hypothesizeed in word messages.Although objects, concepts, etc. change in the course of time , yet in some cases the words which cite them are retained, but the meaning of such words is changed. E. g The phraseological unit blow ones own trumpet Coll. To praise ones own ambitions arose from the fact that in chivalric times heralds welcomed the sound of the trumpet of the knights, coming into the competition. When the social practice had disappeared and the phrase was reinterpreted, the communication between the meaning of the phraseological unit and the typographical error meanings of its components disrupted.Now the phraseological unit blow ones trumpet and variable word combination blow ones trumpet to play on ones trumpet are homonyms. some other phraseological unit is show the white square Not fml,( becomi ng rare) to reveal ones fear or cowardly feelings. Referring to a cock ( a male chicken) that has been bred for fighting as a sport. If the chicken had any white feathers, it was thought to be badly bred. The phraseological unit show the white feather had spawned in England and Australia, the custom of which is to send a white feather to demos, evading from military services. in that respect are phrasal verbs unique(predicate) to the English expression ,e. g 1) spend a penny up to leave abandon 2) Let on to defecate to tattle. With regard to the temperament of these verbal complexes, opinions of linguists differ. They called them compound verbs, verbs with a postposition, postpositive verb with a prefix. These verbs in the English language are usually called phrasal verbs. Recently, a successful term post-verbs has appeared for the number component of these formulations. What is a post-verb? It cannot be a preposition, as it is used but in the verbal complex, and unlike t he preposition it is always under the stress.It cannot be an adverb , as it is not marked as a part of the sentence. Consequently, it cannot be a prepositional adverb. To understand the nature of a post-verb , we should mention Smirnitskys important statement, that post-verbs are words, as it combines with verbal components, having a mental image of changing words. Thus, all verbal complexes give in, give up, let on , take in and so on, are static phrases. The semantic incline affecting phraseological units does not consist in a holy change of meanings of each divulge constituent part of the unit.The meanings of the constituents merge to produce an entirely new meaning e. g. to have a bee in ones bonnet gist to have an obsession about something to be fiber or even a littler mad . The humorous metaphoric comparison with a person who distracted by a bee continually buzzing under his cap has become erased and half-forgotten, and the speakers using the expression hardly thin k of bees or bonnets but accept it in its transferred sense obsessed, eccentric . That is what is meant when phrasological units are verbalize to be characterized by semantic unity.It is this feature that makes phraseological units similar to words both words and phraseological units possess semantic unity. Most Russian scholars today accept the semantic criterion of distinguishing phraseological units from free word groups as the major one and base their research work in the field of phraseology on the definition of a phraseological unit offered by Professor A. V. Koonin A phraseological unit is a stable word group characterized by a tout ensemble or partially transferred meaning. The definition clearly suggests that the degree of semantic change in a phraseological unit may vary.In actual fact the semantic change may affect either the whole word group or wholly one of its components. Thus, consort to the semantic structure , verbal idioms are divided into two groups a) idioms with solely transferred meaning, e. g 1) To skate on the ice Coll. To do something dangerous 2) To wear ones heart on ones arm Not fml. To allow other people to know what one is feeling show ones emotions 3) To have ones heart in ones boots Coll. To feel dis heroismd or fearful 4) To have ones heart in ones mouth To feel afraid or anxious, e. . when waiting for something to happen 5) To make a mountain out of a molehill to worry about or become emotional about matters that are not really important at all b) idioms with partially transferred meaning in which one of the components preserves its current meaning, the other is used in a transferred meaning, e. g 1) To break new ground to do something new, make a discovery 2) To change dollars in midstream Not fml. To change ones opinion in middle of something, esp. to decide to alimentation the opposite or a different side 3) To know ones onions Coll.To know by powerfuls all the information, facts, etc. , concerned with ones work be experienced 4) To save ones unclothe Coll. To escape or help someone to escape from a danger about of the verbal idioms are clearly hyperbolic, for example 1) Eat out of smbs hand Not fml. To have ( a person) in ones power so that he will do whatsoever one wishes, esp. because he admires one Then, having had the fans eating out of his hand he admitted I didnt enjoy it. I dont consider myself in show phone line after just one professional act. 2) Flog a dead provide Coll.To keep trying to get pleasure from something that cannot or can no longer give it You are flogging a dead horse by asking him to lend you money he hasnt even got enough for himself. The idiom refers to a person who beats a horse to make it go even though it is dead, thus to doing something that is drop offly useless. In many verbal hyperbolic idioms, including borrowed ones , at that place arent corresponding word combinations and they are based not on real, but imaginary situation. Etymological research provides an opportunity to throw some light on the rigin of some idioms, and then to establish its metaphorical character. So, an idiom give smb. the cold shoulder to be unfriendly to someone, esp. by refusing to speak to or meet him, usually because one is angry , offended . hostile is not related to peoples shoulder. It means to behave towards someone in a way that is not at all friendly, sometimes for reasons that this person does not understand. Metaphorical character of verbal idioms has been naturalised by comparing the components of verbal idioms with the same words outside the idiom, e. 1) Hitch ones hearts to a star Lit. To have noble or morally improving aims or desires He was a boy from a poor family who had hitched his wagon to a star and was determined to get a good education for himself. 2) Twist round ones little finger Coll. To have the ability to diverge ( a person) to do exactly as one wants Shell have no problem getting permit to g o on holiday with a friend because she can twist her father round her little finger. Metonomical transformations occur much less in verbal idioms, than metaphorical ones, e. g 1) imbibe ones hand in Not fml.To obtain or keep ones skill in a fussy activity by practicing it If you are reasonably clever it wont take you long to get your hand in at card game. 2) Make a clean breast of smth. Not fml. To admit to something confess Mrs. Lyons, give tongue to I you are taking a very owing(p) office and putting yourself in a very false position by not making an dead clean breast of all that you know. ( Conan Doyle) . From the semantic point of view English verbal idioms may express 1) Success, happiness, flock 2) Emotions and feelings 3) Relations between people 4) Behaviour 5) Intellect ) Death 7) Features of different phenomena Success, happiness, luck It is cognize that human life is not cakes and ale as a person has to meet a luck of hardships, which he has to overcome on his way to success. This idea is rendered by such verbal idioms as 1) To study the day quite an rhet. To win in a competition, argument, etc. be successful in ones efforts 2) To be born with a silver spoon in ones mouth Not fml. To have wealthy parents be born into a rich family 3) To kill two birds with one stone to fulfill two purposes with one action 4) To set the Thames on fire Not fml.To do something wonderful that causes much excitement and gains a wide reputation 5) To gain ground to advance, make progress become more important or powerful Emotions, feelings 1) To jump out of ones skin Coll. To show or have feelings of great shock, fear, or surprise , esp. by moving very short 2) To hang ones hand to feel ashamed about something feel or look guilty, sorry 3) To take it on the chin ?oll. To father ( a misfortune , disappointment) with courage 4) To break smbs heart to make or become very sad 5) To have butterflies in ones stomach Coll. To feel nervous, anxious, etc. , esp. hen waiting for something Relations between people 1) To be on a friendly footing with somebody to behave towards or deal with each other in a friendly way 2) To greet somebody with open arms Not fml. To welcome somebody in a generous way 3) To give somebody the cold shoulder Coll. To be unfriendly to someone, esp. by refusing to speak to or meet him, usually because one is angry , offended . 4) To look down ones nose at somebody Not fml. To regard somebody or someone with scorn or dislike 5) To rub someones nose in it Not fml. To keep on reminding someone about something he has done wrong, esp. n an unkind manner Behaviour 1) To hold ones head high to act proudly or bravely, in front of people, esp. when one has suffered misfortune 2) To put ones foot down Coll. To be firm in ones purpose or desires , e. g. not to allow another person to do something 3) To keep ones hair on Coll. To keep calm not become angry, excited, etc. 4) To keep ones chin up Coll. Not t o show feelings of fear, sadness, etc. , when faced with disappointments, worries, or difficulties 5) To behave like a bear with a sore head Coll. To behave impatiently, in a bad set way Intellect ) To have an old head on young shoulders rather oldfash. To have the wisdom, judgment, etc. , that is ordinarily found only in an older and more experienced person 2) To rack ones brains Not fml. To think hard about something, esp. to try and work out the repartee to a difficult problem 3) To have a level head Not fml. To be calm, conscious and able to judge well, esp. in difficult situations 4) To have ones head screwed on the right way Not fml. To be sensible not silly Death 1) To give up the stalk Coll. To split up to stop putting any effort into doing something 2) To be on ones at long rifle legs Coll.About to fracture or to fall down from tiredness or illness 3) To go the way of all flesh- Pomp. To die 4) To be called to ones eternal rest Euph. To die 5) To kiss th e dissipate Coll. To die or become ill, or to stop making or creation useful 6) To turn up ones toes Coll, humor. To die 7) To pay the debt of nature Old-fash, rather rhet. To die Failure 1) To burn ones fingers Not fml. To suffer from something that one has done or been concerned with, esp. because one failed to consider the possible results 2) To come a cropper Coll. To fall badly or heavily, e. . from a horse to suffer disappointment or sudden misfortune 3) To be on ones bones to be in a difficult situation 4) To get into hot water Coll. To fall in trouble 5) To get off on the wrong foot Not fml. To begin something badly Risk 1) To carry( or take) ones life in ones hands to risk ones life 2) To skate on thin ice to put oneself in a dangerous position to take risks 3) To send to his long account Euph, old-fash. To kill someone 4) To play with fire Not fml. To take risks, esp. when these are foolish and unnecessary 5) To put all ones eggs in one wicket Not fml.To a llow all ones hopes for the future to depend on one event or person to risk all ones money, time, interest, etc. in one business sector or effort 6) To risk ones neck Not fml. To take a great risk in doing something Deception 1) To hand smb. a lemon to cheat, deceive somebody 2) To throw dust in someones eyes Coll. To confuse someone or take his forethought away from something that one does not wish him to see or know about 3) To play cat and black eye with Not fml. To confuse someone unintentionally deceive someone, esp. by keeping him from realizing what is actually happening to him 4) To twirl ones leg Coll.To make fun of a person in a friendly way, e. g. by trying to make him believe something that is not true 5) To make a fool of smb. Not fml. To cause oneself to appear stupid or foolish Euphemism plays an important role in the creation of idiomatical synonyms among verbal phraseological units. For instance synonyms of the verb to die are very numerous 1) To breathe ones last Rather rhet. To die 2) To give up the ghost Coll. To die 3) To join the great majority Old-fash, euph. To die 4) To pay the debt of nature Old-fash, rather rhet. To die 5) To turn up ones toes Coll, humor.To die Another example is the synonyms of the verb to irritate, to annoy 1) To get smbs goat Coll. To cause someone much annoyance 2) To make smbs blood boil Not fml. To cause someone to be angry 3) To rub the wrong way Coll. To annoy or cause offence to a person According to Professor A. V. Koonin verbal idioms are divided into non- proportional degree and comparative idioms. Noncomparative verbal idioms are phraseological units with subordinate or coordinative structure. The upshot of verbal idioms with coordinative structure is very few. Their characteristic feature is the two-term structure.In phraseology there are two types of coordinative connections connective coordinative and separative coordinative connection. Connective coordinative connection Verb al idioms of this type are usually pairs of synonymous idioms 1) Bill and coo Not fml. , rather old-fash. To show issue in a playful way, esp. by kissing and whispering to each other He took his girlfriend space after the party and they stayed in the car billing and cooing for a long time before she went into her house. 2) chirp and haw Coll. To speak without saying exactly what one means , e. g. hen one needs more time to consider a matter He always hums and haws before taking a firm decision. Separative coordinative connection There are very few verbal idioms of this type. They include such idioms as 1) Sink or swim Not fml. To be safe , succeed, etc. , or suffer fat failure or loss He has refused to give us any more help, and has leave us to sink and swim by our own efforts. 2) Stand or fall to be completely dependent on( a principle, the result of uncertain situation, etc. ) for ones continued existence, good fortune, etc. We stand or fall by our belief in free speech .Idioms with subordinate structure can have the objective or the objective adverbial functions. Verbal idioms, expressing objective relations, may have different structures. The simplest form is a combination of a verb with a noun. Below are given examples 1) Eat crow Coll. To be forced to change what one has said, admit that one was wrong , etc. , esp. in order to appear more humble I was cheered up when a letter arrived from Luria that the situation might be smoothed over if we appeared to eat crow. ( James D. Watson) 2) Raise Cain Coll. To make a noise or trouble, esp. y complaining or arguing Somewhere to the left of me Sebastian and Mulcaster were raising Cain. Sebastian . seemed in a frenzy and was pound sterling the door, and shouting( Evelyn Waugh) Nouns can be used both with definite and indefinite articles 1) Bear a cross Not fml. To support or tolerate a heavy weight of sorrow, inconvenience, suffering, etc. The poor womanhood has to bear a cross her husband is to o ill to work. 2) Drop a brick Coll. To make a mistake, esp. to do or say something wrong or unsuitable in a particular situation I was dismissed from my job because I had dropped a few bricks in front of some important customers.Many verbal idioms, consisting of a noun , which have the forms of singular and plural numbers are denoted by their real phenomena. For example 1) Keep ones head above water Not fml. To keep out of debt I need 50$ this month to keep my head above water. 2) Set ones cap at smb. Coll, rather old- fash. To try to make ( a man) notice her, esp. in order to make him espouse her They had a chauffeur who was about 18 or 19 and undoubtedly set her cap at him and he became her boyfriend. Plural number of nouns is often used in one of the components of phraseological units.So, the word spurs in an idiom win ones spurs to show ones true ability or courage for the origin time gain fame can be used only in the plural form, because when a man was made a knight , the king would give him not one , but a pair of golden spurs. There are several(prenominal) examples of verbal idioms, in which noun is used only in plural form, because they stand for the action, carried out not by one person or entity designated by them, e. g 1) Be on pins and needles Not fml. To be in a state of excitement and anxiety He was on pins and needles while he was answering my questions . 2) Burn ones fingers Not fml.To suffer from something that one has done or been concerned with, esp. because one failed to consider the possible results Anyone who wants to leave this nice warm securities industry , and go out into the blizzard , will get his fingers burnt. 3) Draw in ones horns Coll . To hold back or control ones actions, e. g. to spend less money And if we dont get some extra money from somewhere we shall have to draw our horns in pretty sharply. ( masthead Murdoch) In some verbal idioms the plural number of a noun does not depend on the number of a person, ca rrying out the action, denoted by this idioms, it epends on the number of objects. Sometimes in idioms, where the action is carried out by several people, the plural form is not definitively established, and the idiom also occurs in the singular. This phenomenon has been observed in such idiom, as 1) Cut off ones nose to spite ones face Coll. To do something because of anger, hurt pride, etc. , that harms oneself or ones own interests By refusing to work they are cutting off their noses to spite their faces because the company will close down.There are several examples of verbal idioms, in which the noun is always used only in singular form, not depending on the number of persons, carrying out the action, indicated by the phraseological unit, e. g 1) Carry a stiff upper lip Not fml. Refusal to complain or show emotion or fear when faced with difficulty or danger calmness The old ecumenic praised the boys for keeping a stiff upper lip in time of trouble. 2) Cook smbs goose Coll. To give out the chances of success of a person, organization, etc. My boyfriend has cooked his goose with me I dont want to see him again. ) Not to have a leg to stand on Not fml. To have no good defence for ones actions or opinions After the results of the test had shown that his plan would not work, he hadnt a leg to stand on. Several verbal idioms are used only in the negative forms 1) Not to see a wood for the trees not to have a clear and complete understanding of something because of the great number of small and unimportant details that demand ones attention The main purpose of education is too often forgotten because of all the present arguments about different types of schools we are in danger of not seeing the wood for the trees. ) Not to know whether one is on ones head or ones heels Coll. To be in a very uncertain and confused state not to know what to do next At the end of a Saturday morning when his shop was very busy the poor shopkeeper didnt know whether he was on his head or his heels. There are a lot of verbal idioms in English loosely with prepositions expressing objective adverbial relations. E. g 1) Have a millstone round ones neck to cause much and continuous trouble to someone You know how selfish your brother is if he comes to live with us he ll be a millstone round our neck. ) Beat ( knock or run) ones head against a brick (or stone) wall Coll. To try to do or obtain something difficult with very little hope of success It is like knocking your head against a brick wall to try to keep the house tidy while the children are at home from school. Non prepositional idioms of this type are very few 1) Hold ones head high to act proudly or bravely, in front of people, esp. when one has suffered misfortune I have boasted in my youth and held my head high and gone on my way careless of consequences( Evelyn Waugh) 2) Put ones foot down Coll. . To be firm in ones purpose or desires, e. g. not to allow ( another person) to do some thing 2. To increase speed when driving a vehicle, esp. a car I dont like driving fast , so I get really afraid when he puts his foot down. Alternants are pronouns one, ones, oneself, somebody, smbs, something , which usually make up an idiom. Alternants can be replaced by other pronouns, nouns or word combinations in accordance with the requirements of the speech situation.The pronoun one is usually replaced by one of the personal pronouns in the objective case, the pronoun ones - by one of the genitive pronouns, the pronoun oneself by one of the reflexive pronouns, the pronoun somebody by one of the personal pronouns, a noun or a variable word combination, the pronoun smbs by one of the possessive pronouns, a noun in a genitive case , the pronoun something by a noun, a variable word combination, or by a sentence . Below are given several examples , which illustrate different uses of alternants ) Take ones time not to hurry be slow and careful wear outt rush . Just take your time and tell me clearly what happened. 2) Take oneself in hand to take ( a person or thing ) under ones control, esp. to try to make improvements You ve been very badly behaved recently. I can see I shall have to take you in hand. 3) Get smb. s goat Coll. To cause someone much annoyance The way he refuses to admit his mistakes gets my goat. 4) Give smb. the cold shoulder Coll. To be unfriendly to someone, esp. by refusing to speak to or meet him, usually because one is angry , offended enigmatic pronoun smth. is often replaced by a noun, a substantive word combination or less subordinate clauses 1) Know smth. from A to Z ( or like a palm of ones hand) Not fml. To know from the beginning to the end thoroughly and completely The teacher knew his subject from A to Z. Indefinite personal pronoun ones is used in the case , when the action is performed by a particular person , directed to him , for example 1) Put ones tail between ones legs Not fml. To put s omeone in a sad and unhappy manner.Replacing the pronoun ones with a pronoun smbs in such idiom is impossible. The pronoun ones is also used in those verbal idioms, which represent the action of a particular person, directed to something, for example 1) Play ones card right Coll. To act in a correct or clever way in order to gain an advantage in a particular situation If you play your cards right you may get an increase in pay . The pronoun ones can be used in idioms, denoting the state of a particular person or object, for example 1) Be on ones last legs Coll.To die or to fall down from tiredness or illness ( of an organization) close to ruin about to stop operational Godspell was on its last legs until the influx of tourists postponed its demise until October. The pronoun smbs is also used in such cases, when the act , done by one person, directed to another person, for example 1) shoot smbs leg Coll. To make fun of a person in a friendly way, e. g. by trying to make him believe something that is not true Many people have phoned in to answer for seeing the kangaroo We thought people were pull backing our legs when they first writinged seeing him, a police spokesman said yesterday.Usefulness of such a distinction, especially from the lexicographic point of view , one can see from the following examples 1) Keep ones nose to the grindstone Coll. To keep working, esp. hard and without a rest Keep smbs nose to the grindstone Coll. To make somebody work without a rest 2) Stay ones hand Rather old- fash. To stop or delay from taking an action Stay smbs hand Rather old- fash. To stop or delay someone from taking an action. Predicative verbal idioms occur not only among substantives, but also among verbal idioms. They have both completely and partially transferred meaning.Below are given several examples of predicative verbal idioms 1) Bite off more than one can chew Not fml. To try to do too much or something that is too difficult John bit off more than he could chew when he decided to have a race with the best runner in the school. There is a comparative subordinate clause . in the second part of phraseological unit. 2) Know how many beans make five, know what oclock it is, know what is what Not fml. To understand what the situation is or how a system works He s a man who knows whats what in the world of business hes sure to get rich.Predicative verbal idioms are not only characterized by an antecedent, show in one word, know, see, strike, watch, but an antecedent explicit in a combination, bite off more, know or see (on) which side, see or watch how (or which way). Some of above mentioned idioms have one literal meaning , as their antecedent retains its literal meaning, for example watch how the cat jumps , but it can also be completely transferred , for example bite off more than one can chew, strike while the iron is hot.Thus, predicative verbal idioms are characterized by semantic complexity of two types fir st is a combination of non transferred antecedent with transferred congeneric clause, second is a combination of both transferred antecedent and transferred relative clause. Predicative verbal idioms have a characteristic expressive evaluative function. Morphological features of non- comparative verbal idioms Words in phraseological units have different features compared with the same word outside a phraseological unit, e. g buck smbs leg Coll. To make fun of a person in a friendly way, e. g. y trying to make him believe smth. that is not true Many people have phoned in to report seeing the kangaroo We thought people were pulling our legs when they first reported seeing him , a police spokesman said yesterday. The verb of this idiom is used in the following forms Present Continuous, Present stark(a) Continuous, Past Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect ( Passive Voice). Undoubtedly, the above mentioned forms are the commonest . Thus, the verb in this idiom is use d predominantly in several forms, while as a dissolve word the verb pull can be used in all forms.The imperative mood is possible, but it occurs in negative forms Dont pull my leg. You went to the theatre (A. J. Cronin). In several verbal idioms verbs are used only in the passive voice 1) Be gathered to ones fathers euph. To die 2) Be thrown on ones beam-end Coll. To be in a difficult situation, esp. one in which one has no money Many organizations are on their beam ends at the moment because of a lack of public support. But there are idioms which are never used in the passive voice 1) Make bricks without straw Rather old fash.To attempt to do or make something without having the necessary materials 2) Steal a march on smb. to gain an advantage over someone by doing something earlier than expected The government had intended to coif the wage increases of all workers to a reasonable amount , but several trade unions stole a march on them by receiving very large increases b efore the new laws came into existence. Alliteration is widely used in verbal idioms. There can be repetition between two sounds and they are divided into three groups 1) In the first and the last lexemes 1. Burn ones boats Coll.To go so far in a course of action that one cannot turn back I changed my mind about giving up my job, but unfortunately I had burnt my boats by telling my boss that I was leaving. 2. Get smbs goat Coll. To cause someone much annoyance The way he refuses to admit his mistakes gets my goat. 2) In the last two lexemes 1. Be on ones last legs Coll. To die or to fall down from tiredness or illness ( of an organization) close to ruin about to stop operating Godspell was on its last legs until the influx of tourists postponed its demise until October. . Put ones best foot antecedent Coll. To be firm in ones purpose or desires, e. g. not to allow to do something When are they going to let Matt put his foot down and bring the twins back where they belong ? 3) In the lexemes, which occupy other positions in an idiom 1. Keep ones cards close to ones chest Coll. To be very secretive not make known ones advantages all at once He had to keep his cards close to his chest in order to get the best possible contract. We come across repetition of three sounds very rarely, for example ) Cut ones coat according to ones cloth Coll. To remain within the limits of what one has or what one can afford, esp. when spending money They have had another louse up They will have very little money and will have to cut their coat according to their cloth. 2) Make a mountain out of a molehill to worry about or become excited about matters that are not really important at all Im sure hell give you the money back when he gets compensable, so theres no need to start making mountains out of a molehills.Comparative verbal phraseological units The first components of comparative verbal idioms are used in their literal meaning, while other components are intensifi ers and qualifiers, semantic differentiators of the first components. As comparative verbal idioms are not used in the passive voice, so they cant be modify into sentences, they are always phrasemes. These verbal idioms always have a subordinate structure. Comparative verbal idioms are divided into three groups from the semantic point of view 1) Verbs of negative valuation hate, lie, swear ) Verbs of positive evaluation fit, get on 3) Verbs of a neutral evaluation drink, eat, feel, follow, sleep, speak, spread, talk, treat, work and so on. Attention should be paid to the predominance of verbs with a neutral evaluation. In verbal idioms with the verbs of positive and negative evaluation, the second component only emphasizes it 1) Hate smb. like poison to hate smb, very much The general was more interested in his personal glory than in the comfort of the ordinary soldiers, and he was hated like poison by all his men. 2) Swear like a trooper Coll, rather old-fash.To use bad lang uage in an unrestrained manner He swore like a trooper when I complained about his work. 3) Fit smb. like a glove to fit ( a person) perfectly It was clever of you to guess my size correctly the new coat that you bought fits me like a glove. In comparative verbal idioms a second component is expressed by animal names, names of birds, fish and real or imaginative phenomena by which the basis of comparative idioms are expressed 1) Die like a dog Not fml. To die in conditions of great shame, pain, etc. They were in prison for weeks without food and then died like dogs. ) Eat like a horse Coll. To eat a great deal I am underweight and worry about it and although I eat like a horse , it doesnt seem to help . 3) Fight like cat and dog Coll. To quarrel or argue barbarianly , esp. very often Flood says We still love each other very much . But we fight like cat and dog. There are several comparative verbal idioms which refer to people 1) Have a head like a sieve Not fml. To be una ble to remember things correctly or keep information in ones mind I was introduced to her twice, but I still cant remember her name Ive got a head like a sieve.Several verbal idioms never refer to people, for example 1) Sell like hot cakes Coll. To be bought or taken quickly, e. g. because of being very usual or cheap Last year she contributed 40 pointings They sell like absolute hot cakes if you only ask 25$. 2) Spread like wildfire to spread from one person to another very quickly The news of his success spread like a wildfire among all his friends. Nature of meaning of idioms, including comparative verbal idioms, may vary depending on whether it applies to one object or more than one object. So, a verbal idiom hate smb. like poison to hate smb, very much. in the sentence She hates him like poison. It means that she mortally hates him, but he certainly didnt hate her. His attitude towards her is specified in the context. Plurality of objects means mutual hatred. In all t he above mentioned comparative verbal idioms , except the idioms with the verbs feel and look , the second component is a lexeme. In several comparative verbal idioms , as a second component, appears not a lexeme, but a combination of lexemes, for example 1) Fight like cat and dog Coll. To quarrel or argue fiercely , esp. very often Flood says We still love each other very much .But we fight like cat and dog. 2) Drop smb. or smth. like a hot potato to get rid of something dangerous, unmanted as quickly as possible When he found out she had no money after all he dropped her like a hot potato. 3) Go ( go off or sell) like hot cakes Coll. To be bought or taken quickly, e. g. because of being very popular or cheap Last year she contributed 40 pointings They sell like absolute hot cakes if you only ask 25$. In some cases, the connection between the first component and combination of lexemes is non prompt , for example 1) Fight like Kilkenny cats Not fml.To fight fiercely Thos e two children will fight like Kilkenny cats if I leave them alone in the house. Referring to a story that some soldiers in the Irish townsfolk of Kilkenny once tied two cats together by their tails and made them fight. The fight was so fierce that all that was left of the cats was their tails. The fight lasted until the end of 19 century and led to a mutual destruction. Legend, being the basis for this expression, has been forgotten for a long time, which has created non motivation of the whole phrase in Modern English, since the expression has no meaning in literal sense.Conclusion After analyzing semantics and structure of verbal phraseological units , we come to the following conclusions 1) Idioms, characterized by structural stability and completely or partially transferred meaning , are widely used in the language conducting expressiveness, colour to the thought expressed. The notion of idiomaticity represented by phraseology is of special significance for linguistic survey for it appears in many structural varieties and yields certain distinct patterns some perhaps universal, others characteristic of one specific language only . ) There is a great difference between free word- groups and idioms. It is considered to be the most controversial problem in the field of phraseology. In an idiom words are not independent. They form set-expressions, in which neither words nor the order of words can be changed. unaffixed word-groups are formed in the process of speech according to the standards of the language, while phraseological units exist in the language side by side with separate words. In a free word-group each of its constituents preserves its denotational meaning.In the case of phraseological units merely the denotational meaning belongs to the word group as a whiz semantically inseparable unit. 3) The English language is extremely rich in verbal phraseological units. Verbal idioms belong to the class of nominative and nominative communicative ph raseological units, due to the fact that some of them are word combinations, while others can be both word combinations and sentences. Verbal idioms can have completely or partially transferred meaning and they are divided into non comparative and comparative idioms. ) The structure of the English verbal phraseological units is variegated. Word groups and phraseological units possess not only the lexical meaning, but also the meaning conveyed in general by the pattern of arrangement of their constituents. Not only the order , but also the substitution of one of the elements may lead to semantic differences or to entirely different phraseological units. 5) Free word combinations can never be polysemantic, while there are polysemantic verbal phraseological units. 6) Among verbal phraseological units there are two top units ( ) .The grammar centre of such units is the verb , the semantic centre in many cases is the nominal component. In some units the verb is both the grammar an d the semantic centre. These verbal phraseological units can be perfectly idiomatic as well. Bibliography 1. ?. ?.?. , 1986. 2. ?. . , 1973 3. ?. . , 2009. 4. ?. ?. . . , 1963 5. ?. ?. . , 2008. . ?. ?. , . , 1980 7. . . , 1983 8. ?. ?. ? . , 1971 9. ?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. , 1974 10. ?. ?. . , 1996 11. ?. ?.. . , 1987 12. ?. ?. . , 1998 13. ?. ?.. , 1966 14. Antrushina G. B. , Afanasyeva , O. V. , Morozova, N.N. English Lexicology. Moscow, 1985 15. Arnold I. V. The English word. Moscow, 1986 16. Ginzburg R. S. , Khidekel S. S. A course in Modern English Lexicology. Moscow, 1979 17. Koonin A . English Lexicology. Moscow, 1948 18. Makkai A. Idiom structure in English. The Hague , 1972 19. Minaeva L. English Lexicology and Lexicography. Moscow, 2007 20. Palmer . F. R. Semantics. A new outline , Moscow 1982 Dictionaries 21. ?. , ?. . , 1975 22. ?. ?. . , 1967 23. Longman dictionary of English idioms.Printed by Butler and Tan ner, LTD. London, 1984 24. Oxford dictionary. Oxford University Press, New York, 2007 CHAPTER ONE GENERAL OUTLINE OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS ( PROBLEMS, CLASSIFICATIONS, DEFINITIONS ) Idioms have always attracted the attention of linguists, literary critics, sociologists and philosophers. Enriching the literary language, representing a bright example of purity, accuracy of content and sharpness of language, idioms are of great importance in the treasury of culture and have become of genuine interest for linguists and researchers of various spheres of communication.If synonyms can be figuratively referred to as the tints and colours of the vocabulary, then phraseology is a kind of picture gallery in which are collected vivid and amusing sketches of the nations customs, traditions and prejudices, recollections of its past history, and fairy-tales. Being an inseparable part of the language, idioms have a special position within it. They represent what can probably be described as the most picturesque, colourful and expressive part of the languages vocabulary ( ?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. , 2008 ).The stock of words of the language consists not only of separate words , but also of set expressions, which alongside with separate words serve as means of expressing concepts. There exist two terms which are to denote set expressions idioms and phraseological units. An idiom or idiomatic phrase, is often defined as a phrase, developing a meaning which cannot be readily analyzed into the several distinct ideas which would ordinarily be expressed by the words composing the phrase. It transcends the ordinary syntactical constructions and must be studied as grammatical unit, or entity ,in itself.On the other hand, idiom is a very broad term and includes all the unexpendedities and idiosyncrasies of the language its rum syntactical constructions, and other conventional practices of unusual character. The term idiom is widely used by western scholars, mainly English and America n linguists. N. N. Amosov? defines phraseological units as units of fixed context, i. e. phrases with a specific sequence of certain lexical components and peculiar semantic relations between them. In these terms , phraseological units are classified into phrasemes and idioms.Phrasemes are binary phrases in which one of the components has a phraseologically bound meaning dependent on the other. Idioms as secernate from phrasemes are characterized by integral meaning and idiomaticity of the whole word-group ( ?. ?. , ?. ?. , ?. ?. , , 2008 ). According to Rosemarie Glasers theory a phraseological unit is a lexicalized, reproducible bilexemic or polylexemic word group in common use, which has relative syntactic and semantic stability, may be idiomatized, may carry connotations and may have an emphatic or intensifying function in a text (Glaser R. 998125). Glaser includes both word-like and sentence-like units in the phrasicon, terming word-like units nominations, which designat e a phenomenon , an object, an action, a process or state, a property in the outside world, and sentence-like ones propositions, which designate a whole state of affairs in the outside world. She get along subdivides nominations into idioms and non-idioms having transparent meanings, and including technical terms, cliches, etc. ( ?. , , 2009 ).Attempts have been made to approach phraseology in different ways. There is a divergence of opinions as to the nature and essential features of phraseological units, how to distinguish them from free word groups, how to define and how to disunite them. This is probably the most discussed and one of the most important problems in the field of phraseology. The complexity of the problem may be largely accounted for by the fact that the borderline between free word-groups and phraseological units is not clearly defined.The so called free word-groups are but relatively free as collocability of member-words is fundamentally delimited by their lexical and grammatical valency which makes at least some of them very close to set-phrases. Phraseological units are but relatively stable and semantically inseparable. Between the extremes of complete motivation and variability of member-words and lack of motivation combined with complete stability of the lexical components and grammatical structure there are innumerable borderline cases. However, the existing terms, e. g. et-phrases, idioms, word-equivalents, reflect to a certain extent the main debatable issues of phraseology which centre in the divergent views concerning the nature and essential features of phraseological units as distinguished from the so-called free word-groups. The term set-phrase implies that the basic criterion of differentiation is stability of the lexical components and grammatical structure of word-groups. The term idiom generally implies that the essential feature of linguistic units under consideration is idiomaticity or lack of motivation.This term habitually used by English and American linguists is very often treated as synonymous with the term phraseological unit. The term word-equivalent stresses not only semantic but also functional inseparability of certain word-groups, their aptness to function in speech as single words. The criterion of stability of lexical components and idiomaticity of word-groups are viewed as not necessarily coexisting in phraseological units. It is argued that stability of lexical components does not presuppose lack of motivation.It follows that stability and idiomaticity are regarded as two different aspects of word-groups. perceptual constancy is an essential feature of set-phrases both motivated and non-motivated. Idiomaticity is a distinguishing feature of phraseological units or idioms which comprise both stable set-phrases and variable word-groups. The two features are not mutually exclusive and may be overlapping, but are not interdependent. Word-groups are structurally complex units consi sting of formally separable elements, which are functionally equivalent to separate words.So they are independent parts of the sentence. Whereas in an idiom words are not independent. They form set-expressions, in which neither words nor the order of words can be changed. Free word-groups are formed in the process of speech according to the standards of the language, while phraseological units exist in the language side by side with separate words. In a free word-group each of its constituents preserves its denotational meaning. In the case of phraseological units however the denotational meaning belongs to the word group as a single semantically inseparable unit.Its worth mentioning that idiom is a complex phenomenon with a number of features, which can therefore be approached from different points of view. Hence, there exist a considerable number of different classification systems devised by different scholars and based upon different principles. The oldest principle for classify ing idioms is based on their original content and is known as thematic (this term however is not universally accepted). On this principle, idioms are classified according to their sources of origin. The word source refers to the particular sphere of human activity, of life, of nature.The thematic principle of classifying idioms has a real merit, but it does not take into consideration the linguistic features of the idioms. The first classification system, which was based on semantic principle, was suggested by acad. V. V. Vinogradov, who developed some points first advanced by the Swiss scientist Charles Bally. Acad. V. V. Vinogradov spoke of the semantic change in idioms as a meaning resulting from a peculiar chemical combination of words. He described idioms as lexical complexes which cannot be freely made up in speech, but are reproduced as ready-made units.The meaning of such expressions as distinguished from the meaning of free combinations is idiomatic. The classification is b ased on the motivation of the unit. According to the degree of idiomatic meaning of various groups of idioms ,V. V. Vinogradov classified them as follows ( Arnold V. , The English Word, 1986 ) Phraseological fusions units whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of their component parts, the meaning of phraseological fusions is unmotivated at the present stage of language development. The meaning of the components is completely absorbed by the meaning of the whole.The metaphor, on which the shift of meaning is based , has lost its clarity and is obscure. Phraseological unities units with a completely changed meaning. They are motivated units or, putting it another way , the meaning of the whole unit can be deduced from the meanings of constituent parts. The metaphor, on which the shift of meaning is based, is clear and transparent. Phraseological combinations traditional units which are not only motivated, but contain one component used in its direct meaning, while the other is used figuratively. Prof.Smirnitsky considers a phraseological unit to be similar to the word because of the idiomatic relationships between its parts resulting in semantic unity and permitting its introduction into speech as something complete. He differentiated three classes of stereotyped phrases ( ?. ?. , , 2008 ) 1) Traditional phrases 2) Phraseological combinations 3) Idioms Traditional phrases, which are characterized by reproducibility, are not regarded as word-equivalents. They are usual collocations whose inner form is transparent. They are distinguished as follows 1)Verbal ) Substantive 3) Adjectival 4) adverbial 5) Interjectional Smirnitskys notion of word-equivalence actually allows another perspective on phraseological units too. Namely, proceeding from the classification of words into derivatives and compounds, the linguist seeks to find similar structural and semantic features in phraseological units as well, correspondingly singling out units with one sem antic centre(one summit units) on the one hand, which he compared with derived words, and with two or more semantic centres (two summit and multi-summit units), on the other, which he compared with compound words.Each of the two groups of this structural semantic classification is further subdivided according to the part of speech to which t